{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:56:20Z","timestamp":1791201380471,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Hepatology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the effectiveness of prevention of mother\u2010to\u2010child transmission (PMTCT) over 25\u00a0years, we conducted a nationwide epidemiological survey through a comprehensive assessment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two cohorts were recruited before universal vaccination: children aged 9\u201310\u00a0years undergoing school health checkups (Group 1) and hospital patients 0\u201315\u00a0years of age from 11 hospitals across Japan to assess age and regional differences (Group 2). Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and core antibody (anti\u2010HBc) were measured in both cohorts. HBV\u2010DNA was tested to evaluate occult HBV infection and viral genotypes in Group 2. Anti\u2010HBs antibody was measured to estimate HBV vaccine coverage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In Group 1 and Group 2, 8125 and 8453 samples were collected, respectively. HBsAg prevalence was 0% in Group 1 and 0.047% in Group 2 using a conventional assay (Lumipulse II HBsAg). Most HBsAg\u2010positive samples were from children &lt;\u00a04\u00a0years. HBsAg\u2010negative and anti\u2010HBc\u2010positive samples were detected in 0.42% of Group 1 and 0.95% of Group 2. Among these samples in Group 2, 10.3% were HBV\u2010DNA\u2010positive, indicating occult HBV infection. Genotype C predominated; however, four genotype D cases were identified in Hokkaido. Anti\u2010HBs positivity among HBV\u2010uninfected samples at ages 1, 2, 5, 10, and 15\u00a0years was 53.4%, 27.5%, 7.5%, 5.6%, and 1.9%, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following the implementation of PMTCT measures in Japan, the prevalence of HBsAg\u2010positive children was extremely low. However, the prevalence of occult infection and anti\u2010HBc positivity indicated that some children remained exposed to HBV. To further eradicate HBV infection, universal vaccination was introduced nationwide in 2016.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.70212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:26:23Z","timestamp":1782919583000},"page":"1457-1465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hepatitis B Virus Infection Status in Japanese Children Prior to Universal Vaccination: Sustained Effectiveness of Mother\u2010to\u2010Child Transmission Prevention and Residual Infection Burden"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2762-0205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiko","family":"Sakai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Ibaraki Japan"},{"name":"Department of Viral Pathogenesis and Controls National Institute of Global Health and Medicine Japan Institute for Health Security  Ichikawa Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2473-6966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuhito","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology and Liver Unit Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences  Nagoya Aichi Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Yotsuyanagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases The University of Tokyo Hospital  Bunkyo\u2010ku Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9084-7197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaya","family":"Sugiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viral Pathogenesis and Controls National Institute of Global Health and Medicine Japan Institute for Health Security  Ichikawa Chiba Japan"},{"name":"Genome Medical Sciences Project National Center for Global Health and Medicine  Ichikawa Chiba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Morioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kobe Children's Primary Emergency Medical Center  Kobe Hyogo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyotaka","family":"Kosugiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Teine Keijinkai Hospital  Sapporo Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimiaki","family":"Uetake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Obihiro\u2010Kosei General Hospital  Obihiro Hokkaido 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