{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T15:12:40Z","timestamp":1789917160478,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]],"date-time":"2015-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["087540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["087540"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Expectations"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lack of awareness of risk factors and symptoms for cancer may lead to late diagnosis and poor prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We assessed community awareness about cervical cancer risk factors and symptoms and perceptions about prevention and cure of cervical cancer in order to contribute data to inform interventions to improve cervical cancer survival.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional population\u2010based survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Setting and participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted this study in Gulu, a post\u2010conflict district in Uganda in 2012. The sample included 448 persons aged 18 years and above, selected through a multi\u2010stage stratified cluster sampling process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data collection methods and analysis<\/jats:title><jats:p>We collected data using a pretested structured questionnaire. Logistic regressions were used to determine magnitudes of associations between socio\u2010demographic and outcome variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most participants (444\/448) had heard about cervical cancer. Known risk factors including multiple sexual partners, human papillomavirus infection, and early onset of sexual activity, were recognized by 88%, 82%, and 78% of respondents respectively. 63% of participants believed that prolonged use of family planning pills and injections caused cervical cancer. The majority of participants recognized symptoms of cervical cancer including inter\u2010menstrual bleeding (85%), post\u2010menopausal bleeding (84%), and offensive vaginal discharge (83%). 70% of participants believed that cervical cancer is preventable and 92% believed that it could be cured if diagnosed at an early stage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recognition of cervical cancer risk factors and symptoms was high among study participants. Targeted interventions including increasing availability of HPV vaccination, population\u2010based cervical screening and diagnostic services can translate high awareness into actual benefits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.12382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]],"date-time":"2015-07-23T14:53:23Z","timestamp":1437663203000},"page":"854-867","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Awareness of cervical cancer risk factors and symptoms: cross\u2010sectional community survey in post\u2010conflict northern Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Amos D.","family":"Mwaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine School of Medicine College of Health Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher G.","family":"Orach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Health and Behavioral Sciences School of Public Health College of Health Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward M.","family":"Were","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Science for Health Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Lyratzopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Research Institute of Public Health University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Wabinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kampala Cancer Registry Department of Pathology College of Health Sciences Makerere University Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Roland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Research Institute of Public Health University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"954","article-title":"Effective screening programmes for cervical cancer in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income developing countries","volume":"79","author":"Sankaranarayanan R","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/canjclin.55.2.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"GLOBOCAN 2008: Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide","author":"Ferlay J","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Comprehensive Cervical Cancer Control; 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