{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:09:15Z","timestamp":1785802155654,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013374","name":"NIHR School for Primary Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SCPR\u20101572020\u201020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCPR\u20101572020\u201020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Expectations"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self\u2010harm in young people is a serious concern but a deeper understanding of the functions of self\u2010harm in young people can tailor care and inform new clinical interventions to reduce repeat self\u2010harm and suicide risk. General practitioners (GPs), as frontline healthcare professionals, have an important role in managing self\u2010harm in young people. This study aimed to explore the functions of self\u2010harm in young people and their perspectives on future GP\u2010led care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A qualitative study using interviews with young people aged between 16 and 25 years with a personal history of self\u2010harm was conducted. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four distinct functions were identified: (1) handling emotional states; (2) self\u2010punishment; (3) coping with mental illness and trauma; and (4) positive thoughts and protection. Young people valued GP\u2010led support and felt future GP interventions should include self\u2010help and be personalised.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings support clinicians, including GPs, to explore the functions of self\u2010harm in young people aged 16\u201325 in a personalised approach to self\u2010harm care. It should be noted that self\u2010harm may serve more than one function for a young person and thus interventions should recognise this.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patient and Public Contribution<\/jats:title><jats:p>A group consisting of young people with lived experience of self\u2010harm, carers, the public, and those who work with young people who harm themselves conceived this study idea, informed recruitment methods and the interview topic guide, and supported the interpretation of findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.13733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,17]],"date-time":"2023-02-17T04:55:01Z","timestamp":1676609701000},"page":"1180-1188","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The functions of self\u2010harm in young people and their perspectives about future general practitioner\u2010led care: A qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5437-5962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faraz","family":"Mughal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Keele University  Keele UK"},{"name":"Division of Psychology and Mental Health, Centre for Mental Health and Safety University of Manchester  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn A.","family":"Chew\u2010Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Keele University  Keele UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Opeyemi O.","family":"Babatunde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Keele University  Keele UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Keele University  Keele UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aula","family":"Meki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist Psychotherapies Service Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust  Birmingham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Dikomitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kent and Medway Medical School University of Kent and Canterbury Christ Church University  Canterbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","unstructured":"National Institute For Health and Care Excellence. Self\u2010harm in over 8s: short\u2010term management and prevention of recurrence (CG16). Accessed 16 November 2016 https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/CG16\/chapter\/1-Guidance#the-management-of-self-harm-in-primary-careAccessed May 312019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60322-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g5954"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.12.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness (NCISH). Suicide by children and young people.2017. Accessed January 1 2023.http:\/\/research.bmh.manchester.ac.uk\/cmhs\/research\/centreforsuicideprevention\/nci\/reports\/cyp_2017_report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30188-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Illness.Annual Report: England Northern Ireland Scotland and Wales 2021.\u00a0National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Illness;2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4351"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","article-title":"Interventions for self\u2010harm in children and adolescents","volume":"2015","author":"Hawton K","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105316631405"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Why patients mutilate themselves","volume":"40","author":"Favazza AR","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.11.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.11.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894-018-0080-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGP.2021.0091"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Preventing suicide: A global imperative.\u00a0World Health Organization;2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","unstructured":"HM Government.Preventing suicide in England: Fourth Progress Report of the Cross\u2010Government Outcomes Strategy to Save Lives.\u00a0HM Government;2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Suicide Prevention. Accessed January 1 2023.https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/suicide#tab=tab_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp20X708257"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038855"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","article-title":"Interventions for self\u2010harm in children and adolescents","volume":"3","author":"Witt KG","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","article-title":"Psychosocial interventions for self\u2010harm in adults","volume":"4","author":"Witt KG","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000388"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","volume-title":"Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Traditions","author":"Creswell J","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781849208963.n5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","unstructured":"QSR International Pty Ltd. NVivo. (Version 12);2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Research. Payment Guidance for Researchers and Professionals. 2022. Accessed April 14 2022.https:\/\/www.nihr.ac.uk\/documents\/payment-guidance-for-researchers-and-professionals\/27392"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18073361"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113527"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmz006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182412926"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1992.tb02426.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/17.1.71"}],"container-title":["Health Expectations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/hex.13733","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/hex.13733","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/hex.13733","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,22]],"date-time":"2023-08-22T05:02:09Z","timestamp":1692680529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/hex.13733"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/hex.13733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hex.13733","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-6513","1369-7625"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-6513","type":"print"},{"value":"1369-7625","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-04-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-04","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-02-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}