{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T18:19:23Z","timestamp":1765995563272,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Expectations"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The development and evaluation of rehabilitation interventions designed to support people with Long Covid (LC) remains an important ongoing priority. Many people with LC experience episodic, debilitating symptoms that can reduce their ability to engage in all areas of activity. The Long CovId personalised Self\u2010managemenT support co\u2010design and EvaluatioN (LISTEN) trial co\u2010designed and evaluated a personalised self\u2010management support intervention to build confidence and support people to live better with LC. This paper describes the context, implementation, mechanisms of impact and impacts from the LISTEN intervention, in comparison with usual LC services accessed within the National Health Service (NHS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A mixed methods process evaluation was nested within the LISTEN pragmatic, multi\u2010site, randomised controlled trial. Data were collected from sites in England and Wales between September 2022 and January 2024. Observations and focus groups with healthcare practitioners (HCPs) delivering the intervention were conducted to assess fidelity. Standardised implementation measures, focussed on intervention feasibility, acceptability and appropriateness, were gathered from HCPs and intervention participants. Semi\u2010structured interviews were undertaken with a subset of participants across both trial arms. Data were analysed independently using descriptive statistics, or reflexive thematic analyses, and subsequently integrated, drawing upon the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research v2.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty\u2010six HCPs participated in the process evaluation, and 197 intervention participants completed standardised implementation measures. Across both trial arms, 49 participants took part in semi\u2010structured interviews. Six integrated themes were constructed from all data sources describing and illustrating links between the context, implementation, mechanisms of impact and impacts: \u2018Delivery during uncertainty and ambiguity\u2019, \u2018Diversity and consistency of usual care\u2019, \u2018Drivers for self\u2010care and the impact of self\u2010generated expertise\u2019, \u2018Appropriate if unexpected support\u2019, \u2018Personalisation at the core of success\u2019 and \u2018A spectrum of change\u2019.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The LISTEN intervention is an appropriate, feasible intervention for participants and HCPs. The intervention can be delivered to a high level of fidelity following training and with ongoing HCP support. Access, receipt and perceptions of NHS LC services were variable. Personalised, relational interventions, such as LISTEN, can foster favourable impacts on confidence, knowledge and activity and are acceptable and strongly recommended within LC rehabilitation services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patient or Public Contribution<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study was supported by a patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) group from project conception to study end. Using their lived expertise, seven people with LC supported accessible recruitment (e.g., materials), data collection (e.g., topic guides), data interpretation (e.g., theme construction and reviewing findings) and dissemination activities (e.g., online webinars).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ISRCTN36407216, registered 27\/01\/2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.70270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T03:04:46Z","timestamp":1746414286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Personalisation at the Core of Success: Process Evaluation of the LISTEN Randomised Controlled Trial Evaluating a Personalised Self\u2010Management Support Intervention for People Living With Long Covid"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1452-3895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiona","family":"Leggat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences City St George's, University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Torrens\u2010Burton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRIME Centre Wales, Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Sewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea Centre for Health Economics Swansea University Swansea UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Sevdalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Behavioural and Implementation Science Interventions, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Busse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Trials Research, School of Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Domeney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LISTEN Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement Group City St George's, University of London London UK"},{"name":"Bridges Self\u2010Management London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LISTEN Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement Group City St George's, University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Ines de Sousa de","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust Crisis Response Service, St. Annes House St Leonards\u2010on\u2010Sea UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Institute, School of Health and Medical Sciences City St George's, University of London London UK"},{"name":"Bridges Self\u2010Management London UK"},{"name":"Kingston University London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation (WHO) \u201cA Clinical Case Definition of Post COVID\u201019 Condition by a Delphi Consensus \u201d accessed July 28 2022 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