{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T20:39:59Z","timestamp":1781296799025,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Expectations"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limited data exists regarding long Covid burden following Omicron infection in highly vaccinated populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To (1) characterise long Covid prevalence and predictors and (2) identify key symptom clusters and their correlates among long Covid patients, during an Omicron\u2010predominant period in a highly vaccinated population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anonymous, online, cross\u2010sectional survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>January 2023, Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Residents aged\u2009\u2265\u200918 years with self\u2010reported history of test\u2010positive Covid\u201019.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>The main variables studied were socio\u2010demographic characteristics, Covid\u201019 risk factors, vaccination, infection history and experiences with long Covid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Long Covid symptoms. Symptom\u2010based clustering was used to identify long Covid symptom clusters and their functional correlates. Predictors of long Covid occurrence and severity were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, 240\/1205 participants (19.9%) reported long Covid. Long Covid risk was significantly higher for women OR 1.71 (95% CI: 1.17\u20132.51), people with comorbidities 2.19 (95% CI: 1.56\u20133.08) and those using steroid inhalers for Covid\u201019 treatment (2.34 [95% CI: 1.29\u20134.24]). Long\u2010Covid risk increased with increasing Covid\u201019 infection severity (moderately severe symptoms: 2.23 [95% CI: 1.50\u20133.30], extremely severe symptoms: 5.80 [95% CI: 3.48\u20139.66], presented to ED\/hospitalised: 7.22 [95% CI: 3.06\u201317.03]). We found no significant difference in the likelihood of long Covid between the Omicron and pre\u2010Omicron periods, vaccination status and participant age.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified two long Covid clusters (pauci\u2010symptomatic,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009170, vs. polysymptomatic,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200966). Polysymptomatic cluster membership was associated with worse functioning (impacts on work, moderate activity, emotions and energy). Severity acute infection was strongly predictive of polysymptomatic cluster membership (5.72 [2.04\u201317.58]). Monoclonal antibody treatment was strongly associated with pauci\u2010symptomatic cluster membership (0.02 [0.00\u20130.13]).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study shows that long Covid is an important health burden in Australia, including during the Omicron era, and identifies several risk factors. We found a subgroup of patients characterised by more symptoms and worse functional outcomes. Our findings can inform policies for protecting vulnerable populations and frameworks for long Covid risk assessment and management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One\u2010in\u2010five people may suffer long Covid after acute Covid\u201019 infection, with similar risk across age groups. Omicron variants appear not to have a lower risk compared to earlier variants in our study. A cumulative number of symptoms can help triage long Covid patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patient or Public Contribution<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We did not involve patients or the public in the design of the questionnaire. However, after a soft launch, we revised some survey questions by reviewing early responses from patients and the public.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.70273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T03:49:38Z","timestamp":1746676178000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Long Covid Symptom Clusters, Correlates and Predictors in a Highly Vaccinated Australian Population in 2023"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Essa","family":"Tawfiq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosecurity Program The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosalie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosecurity Program The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4339-1801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian Alexander","family":"Honeyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosecurity Program The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Dawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosecurity Program The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohana","family":"Kunasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosecurity Program The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Notaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosecurity Program The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepti","family":"Gurdasani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosecurity Program The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"},{"name":"University of Western Australia Medical School University of Western Australia Perth Australia"},{"name":"William Harvey Research Institute Queen Mary University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Skouteris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Social Care Unit School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University in collaboration with Monash Health Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2754-2024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darshini","family":"Ayton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health and Social Care Unit School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University in collaboration with Monash Health Melbourne Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3060-0555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chandini Raina","family":"MacIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biosecurity Program The Kirby Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health The University of New South Wales Sydney Australia"},{"name":"College of Public Service &amp; Community Solutions, and College of Health Solutions Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001427"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. \u201cA Clinical Case Definition of Post COVID\u201019 Condition by a Delphi Consensus \u201d retrieved November 6 2022 https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/WHO-2019-nCoV-Post_COVID-19_condition-Clinical_case_definition-2021.1."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02222-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac136"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.Adjaye\u2010Gbewonyo A.Vahratian C. 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