{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T17:20:27Z","timestamp":1765992027994,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Expectations"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the United Kingdom, at least 1.9 million people are estimated to have experienced long Covid, of which 1.3 million have symptoms lasting for more than a year. The Long CovId Personalised Self\u2010managemenT support EvaluatioN (LISTEN) trial evaluated the effectiveness and cost\u2010effectiveness of a co\u2010designed personalised self\u2010management support intervention for non\u2010hospitalised people living with long Covid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a pragmatic, multicentre, two\u2010arm, parallel group and superiority randomised controlled trial for people who had experienced at least one long Covid symptom for 12 weeks or longer. A cost\u2013utility analysis was undertaken alongside the LISTEN trial from both a UK National Health Service (NHS) and personal social services (PSS) and a societal perspective. Implementation costs were determined from study records, and quality of life and health and care resource use were collected by questionnaire at 6\u2010week and 3\u2010month follow\u2010ups. Incremental net monetary benefit (INMB) analyses evaluated the cost\u2010effectiveness of the intervention at a range of willingness\u2010to\u2010pay thresholds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 544 participants were included in the health economic analysis, of which 62.5% had complete data. The average cost of delivering the LISTEN intervention was \u00a3846 per participant. At 3\u2010month follow\u2010up, mean quality\u2010adjusted life years (QALYs) were 0.005 (95% CI \u22120.004 to 0.014) greater for participants receiving the LISTEN intervention compared to usual care. From the NHS and PSS perspective, total adjusted mean costs were \u00a3491 (95% CI, \u00a3128 to \u00a3854) lower in the usual care arm. From the societal perspective, participants in the usual care arm lost more hours of work and usual activities and received more informal care, with the LISTEN intervention dominating usual care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At accepted UK thresholds, the LISTEN intervention was not cost\u2010effective from an NHS and PSS perspective, but it was found to be cost\u2010effective from a societal perspective due to the impact of long Covid on work, informal care and usual activities. Further research is required to understand the costs and benefits of self\u2010management support for longer\u2010term horizons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patient and Public Contribution<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We are grateful for the contributions of the LISTEN Public and Patient Involvement and Engagement group comprising seven people (Anne Domeney, Ian Patel, Carol Rowe, Judith Parsons, Rebecca Beltran, Elizabeth Treadwell and Maria Ines de Sousa de Abreu) with long Covid who supported co\u2010design, communications, trial recruitment and dissemination activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ISRCTN36407216, registered 27 January 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.70357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T07:40:54Z","timestamp":1754293254000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cost\u2010Effectiveness of a Personalised Self\u2010Management Intervention for People Living With Long Covid: The LISTEN Randomised Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7724-6621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaun R. 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