{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T15:15:14Z","timestamp":1783264514808,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Expectations"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Co\u2010design is increasingly used in health and social care research, but its application with older adults in community settings may raise methodological challenges. Age\u2010adapted co\u2010design methods are needed to support meaningful participation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study developed and examined an age\u2010adapted co\u2010design methodology in a community setting involving older adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A qualitative approach was adopted, which included exploratory interviews, design probes, clarification interviews, a co\u2010design workshop and evaluation interviews. A total of 24 participants were involved across the study, including older adults with T2DM, community workers, healthcare professionals and extended reality (XR) designers. The methodology was examined in terms of acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The methodology was generally found to be acceptable, appropriate and feasible. Participants described the interviews, design probes and workshop activities as manageable and low\u2010burden, particularly when tasks drew on everyday life. Visual materials such as stickers, icons, images and videos, together with simple prompts and reduced writing demands, supported understanding of the research activities, expression and positive emotional engagement. The study also identified challenges related to unfamiliar co\u2010design concepts, the interpretation of some visual tools, workshop duration and practical implementation constraints such as staffing, space, funding, health conditions and time availability. Participant feedback and researcher reflection informed iterative refinements to the materials, workshop preparation, communication strategies and activity format during the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates the value of an age\u2010adapted, multi\u2010stage co\u2010design methodology for engaging older adults in community health research. The findings highlight the importance of grounding co\u2010design in lived experience, using age\u2010friendly materials and refining methods iteratively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patient or Public Contribution<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Older adults with T2DM, community workers, healthcare professionals and XR designers contributed to this study. Their experiences and feedback informed the refinement of the research materials, co\u2010design activities and methodological process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.70718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T05:30:05Z","timestamp":1780896605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Age\u2010Adapted Co\u2010Design Methodology for Community Health Research Involving Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0223-5922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangpan","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Winchester School of Art University of Southampton Winchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2109-0135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Winchester School of Art University of Southampton Winchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Winchester School of Art University of Southampton Winchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"An Introduction to Co\u2010Design","volume":"12","author":"Burkett I.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sydney: Knode"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","volume-title":"Benefits of Co\u2010Design in Service Design Projects","author":"Steen M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","volume-title":"This Is Service Design Doing","author":"Stickdorn M.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X21002014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-11-2019-0332"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnx216"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afm029"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17277-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-021-01544-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0733464816661945"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303985"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/mhealth.2017.08.07"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-8-193"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JOSM-11-2015-0357"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaging.2018.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.02.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12102-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.70104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tbm\/ibag002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12197"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.Sangiorgi \u201cTransformative Services and Transformation Design \u201d2011 https:\/\/re.public.polimi.it\/handle\/11311\/968237.","DOI":"10.21606\/servdes2010.23"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09514848231194846"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/57219"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/16094069251344357"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15710882.2024.2372595"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376299"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17150"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/ajcs.2012.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-011-9600-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/qshc.2005.016527"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-024-02477-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/43966"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40900-023-00472-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302516"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/41166446"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11020072"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","volume-title":"Designing With Care: Adapting Cultural Probes to Inform Design in Sensitive Settings","author":"Crabtree A.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-188"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-010-0319-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000069"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-5441-2_29"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(94)90044-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3316\/QRJ1102063"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14733250211024516"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334420949218"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42466-020-00059-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","volume-title":"Qualitative Research Methods for Health Professionals","author":"Morse J. M.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104973200129118183"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1614.2002.01100.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0594-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","volume-title":"Qualitative Methods for Health Research","author":"Green J.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Doing Qualitative Research","author":"Silverman D.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bdj.2008.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","volume-title":"Design Probes","author":"Mattelm\u00e4ki T.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14606925.2017.1352730"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","volume-title":"Bringing User Experience to Healthcare Improvement: The Concepts, Methods and Practices of Experience\u2010Based Design","author":"Bate P.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/ijic.6546"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-024-02252-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2018.0028"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315129945"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","first-page":"1189","article-title":"Enhancing the Quality and Credibility of Qualitative Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Patton M. Q.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1188\/14.ONF.545-547"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-322-97512-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev334"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2001.00253.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.70272"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40271-020-00416-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13031"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15710882.2021.1883065"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3397-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40900-024-00573-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2025.1544489"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09515088808572924"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01634372.2022.2139319"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01449290903171308"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app9061058"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305290"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_81_1","first-page":"103","volume-title":"6th International Conference on Digital Content, Multimedia Technology and Its Applications","author":"Batu Salman Y.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/cja.27.3.267"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-6870(00)00031-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15710882.2024.2378933"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/64508"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118521373.wbeaa016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hex.70330"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40900-021-00252-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076211019900"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003485"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-017-0635-3"}],"container-title":["Health Expectations"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/hex.70718","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/hex.70718","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/hex.70718","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]],"date-time":"2026-07-05T14:50:46Z","timestamp":1783263046000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/hex.70718"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/hex.70718"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hex.70718","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1369-6513","1369-7625"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1369-6513","type":"print"},{"value":"1369-7625","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70718"}}