{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T04:24:47Z","timestamp":1791347087026,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,20]],"date-time":"2016-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1482192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Histopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 inhibitors facilitate immune response against certain tumour types, including melanoma. These drugs have led to prolonged survival but can also result in autoimmune\u2010type side effects, including gastrointestinal inflammation. The histopathological effects of this medication class have not been well studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified 37 gastrointestinal tract biopsies from 20 patients taking a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010L1 inhibitor and evaluated clinicopathological findings. Diarrhoea was the most common symptom, and endoscopic findings ranged from mild erythema to erosion\/ulceration. Common histological findings included lamina propria expansion, villous blunting (if applicable), intra\u2010epithelial neutrophils and increased crypt\/gland apoptosis, although intra\u2010epithelial lymphocytes were rarely prominent. A few cases showed crypt rupture with resultant histiocytic\/granulomatous response. Most patients responded to drug cessation and\/or steroids, but follow\u2010up endoscopies were not performed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010L1 inhibitors can cause gastritis, enteritis and colitis, similar to other immunomodulatory antibodies (such as <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CTLA<\/jats:styled-content>\u20104 inhibitors and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PI<\/jats:styled-content>3K\u03b4 inhibitors), but the histological findings vary somewhat among drug classes. Clinical history, lack of prominent intra\u2010epithelial lymphocytes and crypt rupture may help to distinguish <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 inhibitor gastroenterocolitis from mimics, which include other medication effect, inflammatory bowel disease, graft\u2010versus\u2010host disease, cytomegalovirus infection and autoimmune enteropathy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,7]],"date-time":"2016-11-07T15:03:44Z","timestamp":1478531024000},"page":"558-567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":191,"title":["<scp>PD<\/scp>\u20101 inhibitor gastroenterocolitis: case series and appraisal of \u2018immunomodulatory gastroenterocolitis\u2019"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5526-4220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul S","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safia N","family":"Salaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin D","family":"Bohannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Pathogenesis Branch Influenza Division National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron R","family":"Huber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester NY 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