{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:38:23Z","timestamp":1790091503245,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]],"date-time":"2017-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Histopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Verrucous carcinoma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VC<\/jats:styled-content>) is a variant of well\u2010differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and in the anal region is regarded as synonymous with giant condyloma (Buschke\u2013L\u00f6wenstein tumour) (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BLT<\/jats:styled-content>). Aetiology, diagnostic criteria and clinical behaviour of both lesions are controversial. Recent studies suggest that <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VC<\/jats:styled-content> at other sites is not associated with human papillomaviruses (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content>). We hypothesized that anal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VC<\/jats:styled-content> is also not related to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content>, while <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BLT<\/jats:styled-content> is a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced lesion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten cases of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VC<\/jats:styled-content> and four cases of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BLT<\/jats:styled-content> were included. Several techniques were used for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> detection: <jats:italic>in\u2010situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content>6, 11, 16 and 18, six different polymerase chain reaction (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>) protocols for detection of at least 89 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> types from <jats:italic>alpha\u2010<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> beta\u2010<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> gamma\u2010<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>mu\u2010<\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PV<\/jats:styled-content> genera and <jats:italic>in\u2010situ<\/jats:italic> hybridization for high\u2010risk <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> E6\/E7 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mRNA<\/jats:styled-content>; p16 immunohistochemistry and morphometric analysis were also performed. <jats:italic>Alpha\u2010<\/jats:italic>,<jats:italic> gamma\u2010<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>mu\u2010<\/jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PV<\/jats:styled-content>s were not found in any case of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VC<\/jats:styled-content>, while <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content>6 was detected in all cases of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BLT<\/jats:styled-content>. p16 overexpression was not present in any of the lesions. Among microscopic features, only the absence of koilocytosis and enlarged spinous cells seem to be useful to distinguish <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VC<\/jats:styled-content> from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BLT<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results suggest that anal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VC<\/jats:styled-content>, similarly to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VC<\/jats:styled-content> at other sites, is not associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> infection, and must be distinguished from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BLT<\/jats:styled-content>, which is associated with low\u2010risk <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content>. Only with well\u2010set diagnostic criteria will it be possible to ascertain clinical behaviour and optimal treatment for both lesions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,25]],"date-time":"2016-12-25T05:30:38Z","timestamp":1482643838000},"page":"938-945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Anal verrucous carcinoma is not related to infection with human papillomaviruses and should be distinguished from giant condyloma (Buschke\u2013L\u00f6wenstein tumour)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6866-3220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Zidar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cord","family":"Langner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Odar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Ho\u0161njak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Kamar\u00e1dov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital in Hradec Kralove Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ondrej","family":"Daum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sikl's Department of Pathology Medical Faculty Hospital Charles University Pilsen Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion J","family":"Pollheimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavle","family":"Ko\u0161orok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Centre IATROS Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Poljak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Immunology Faculty of Medicine University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0b013e318183234b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12574"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"183","volume-title":"WHO Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System","author":"Welton ML","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Distribution of HPV genotypes in Slovenian patients with anal carcinoma: preliminary results","volume":"20","author":"Komlo\u0161 KF","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. 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