{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T02:26:29Z","timestamp":1781144789079,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]],"date-time":"2018-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008069","name":"University of California, San Francisco","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Histopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatic angiomyolipoma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AML<\/jats:styled-content>) often shows epithelioid morphology with inconspicuous fat. Epithelioid component can mimic hepatocellular adenoma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCA<\/jats:styled-content>) or carcinoma (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCC<\/jats:styled-content>). The aims of this study were to examine the expression of commonly used markers for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCA<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCC<\/jats:styled-content> in hepatic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AML<\/jats:styled-content> and highlight pitfalls in diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Resected hepatic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AML<\/jats:styled-content>s (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 16) were reviewed; reticulin stain, immunohistochemistry for glutamine synthetase (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GS<\/jats:styled-content>), \u03b2\u2010catenin and liver fatty acid binding protein (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LFABP<\/jats:styled-content>) were performed along with Sanger sequencing of exon 3 of <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CTNNB<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic> and next\u2010generation sequencing (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NGS<\/jats:styled-content>). Predominant epithelioid component (\u226550%) was seen in 80% of cases. Foamy macrophage was present in 33% of cases. High\u2010risk histological features were often present in tumours with benign outcome: marked atypia (19%), mitoses (20%) and necrosis (33%). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GS<\/jats:styled-content> staining (\u226510% of tumour) was seen in epithelioid components in 13 (87%) cases, and was diffuse (&gt;50% of tumour) in six (40%) cases. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LFABP<\/jats:styled-content> staining or nuclear \u03b2\u2010catenin staining was not seen in any case. Sanger sequencing and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NGS<\/jats:styled-content> did not reveal <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CTNNB<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic> mutation in any tested case. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NGS<\/jats:styled-content> demonstrated <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TSC<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic> mutations in all five cases tested.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The predominance of epithelioid component resembling <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCA<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCC<\/jats:styled-content> is common in hepatic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AML<\/jats:styled-content>. Absence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LFABP<\/jats:styled-content> and presence of fat can be mistaken for <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HNF<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic>\u03b1<jats:italic>\u2010<\/jats:italic>inactivated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCA<\/jats:styled-content>. Diffuse <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GS<\/jats:styled-content> staining can be mistaken for \u03b2\u2010catenin\u2010activated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCA<\/jats:styled-content> or <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCC<\/jats:styled-content>. Diffuse <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GS<\/jats:styled-content> expression is not related to <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CTNNB<\/jats:styled-content>1<\/jats:italic> mutation. All tested cases showed <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TSC<\/jats:styled-content>2<\/jats:italic> mutation, supporting this as the driving genetic event for hepatic <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AML<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,7]],"date-time":"2018-03-07T10:42:38Z","timestamp":1520419358000},"page":"101-108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Hepatic angiomyolipoma: mutation analysis and immunohistochemical pitfalls in diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"73","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4038-4462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P","family":"Grenert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy M","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanli","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Cancer Institute Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University Yangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering\/Therapeutic Sciences University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nafis","family":"Shafizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Southern California Permanente Medical Group Woodland Hills CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Kakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.2870130411"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/410781"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199901000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2005.027227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"512","article-title":"Hepatic angiomyolipoma: a series of six cases with emphasis on pathological\u2013radiological correlations and unusual variants diagnosed by core needle biopsy","volume":"5","author":"Agaimy A","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. 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