{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:25:37Z","timestamp":1790717137591,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]],"date-time":"2020-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Histopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>A varied spectrum of histopathological changes has been associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) colitis. This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of different histopathological patterns of injury in patients with ICI colitis and their association with specific immune check\u2010point inhibitors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biopsies from patients with clinically and histologically confirmed ICI colitis were reviewed blindly to determine the predominant pattern of injury and to quantitate discrete histological parameters using the Geboes score. Paneth cell metaplasia, intraepithelial lymphocytes, abnormal subepithelial collagen and degree of crypt epithelial apoptosis was also recorded. A total of 86 patients with ICI colitis (ipilimumab, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a014; ipilimumab\u00a0+\u00a0nivolumab, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a029; nivolumab, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a020 and pembrolizumab, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a023) were included. The patterns of injury identified included diffuse active colitis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a022), chronic active colitis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a022), lymphocytic colitis (LC, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a016), collagenous colitis (CC, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a014), graft\u2010versus\u2010host disease\u2010like colitis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a07) and mixed colitis (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05). Patients on ipilimumab were more likely to have a diffuse active colitis pattern without features of chronicity (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) and less likely to have LC (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) compared to other ICIs. LC and CC were more common in patients on nivolumab and pembrolizumab relative to other groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Chronic active colitis was most frequent in nivolumab patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), and these patients had received more ICI doses and had been on ICI treatment longer compared to other treatment groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>ICI colitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all the common inflammatory patterns of colitis and shows medication specific differences in patterns of injury.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T20:22:46Z","timestamp":1601324566000},"page":"532-541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Medication\u2010specific variations in morphological patterns of injury in immune check\u2010point inhibitor\u2010associated colitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"78","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1774-8643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond A","family":"Isidro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex B","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swetha","family":"Gannarapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhanya","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Rahma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology Dana\u2010Farber Cancer Institute Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shilpa","family":"Grover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amitabh","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20182395"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0218-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1703481"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2015.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2018.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31817150e3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0000000000000252"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.04.5716"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Blockade of cytotoxic T\u2010lymphocyte antigen\u20104 by ipilimumab results in dysregulation of gastrointestinal immunity in patients with advanced melanoma","volume":"10","author":"Berman D","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Immun."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000829"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy240"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx403"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv227"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.12.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy104"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.3.404"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"A simplified Geboes score for ulcerative colitis","volume":"11","author":"Jauregui\u2010Amezaga A","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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