{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:51:35Z","timestamp":1787241095850,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]],"date-time":"2022-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Histopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lung tissue from COVID\u201019 patients shares similar histomorphological features with chronic lung allograft disease, also suggesting activation of autoimmune\u2010related pathways in COVID\u201019. To more clearly understand the underlying spectrum of pathophysiology in COVID\u201019 pneumonia, we analysed mRNA expression of autoimmune\u2010related genes in post\u2010mortem lung tissue from COVID\u201019 patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Formalin\u2010fixed, paraffin\u2010embedded lung tissue samples of 18 COVID\u201019 patients and eight influenza patients were used for targeted gene expression profiling using NanoString technology. Multiplex immunofluorescence for tryptase and chymase was applied for validation. Genes related to mast cells were significantly increased in COVID\u201019. This finding was strengthened by multiplex immunofluorescence also showing a significant increase of tryptase\u2010 and chymase\u2010positive cells in COVID\u201019. Furthermore, receptors for advanced glycation end\u2010products (RAGE) and pro\u2010platelet basic protein (PPBP) were up\u2010regulated in COVID\u201019 compared to influenza. Genes associated with Type I interferon signalling showed a significant correlation to detected SARS\u2010CoV2 pathway\u2010related genes. The comparison of lung tissue samples from both groups based on the presence of histomorphological features indicative of acute respiratory distress syndrome did not result in finding any specific gene or pathways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two separate means of measuring show a significant increase of mast cells in SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010infected lung tissue compared to influenza. Additionally, several genes involved in fibrosis and thrombosis, among which are RAGE and PPBP, are up\u2010regulated in COVID\u201019. As mast cells are able to induce thrombosis and fibrosis, they may play an important role in the pathogenesis of COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T08:28:40Z","timestamp":1668155320000},"page":"407-419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Increase of mast cells in <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 pneumonia may contribute to pulmonary fibrosis and thrombosis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Leonoor V","family":"Wismans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Erasmus Medical Center  Rotterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"The Tumor Immuno\u2010Pathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center  Rotterdam the 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