{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:09:21Z","timestamp":1787836161934,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Histopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>COVID\u201019 has had enormous consequences on global health\u2010care and has resulted in millions of fatalities. The exact mechanism and site of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 entry into the body remains insufficiently understood. Recently, novel virus receptors were identified, and alveolar macrophages were suggested as a potential viral entry cell type and vector for intra\u2010alveolar virus transmission. Here, we investigated the protein expression of 10 well\u2010known and novel virus entry molecules along potential entry sites in humans using immunohistochemistry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Samples of different anatomical sites from up to 93 patients were incorporated into tissue microarrays. Protein expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, furin, CD147, C\u2010type lectin receptors (CD169, CD209, CD299), neuropilin\u20101, ASGR1 and KREMEN1 were analysed. In lung tissues, at least one of the three receptors ACE2, ASGR1 or KREMEN1 was expressed in the majority of cases. Moreover, all the investigated molecules were found to be\u00a0expressed in alveolar macrophages, and co\u2010localisation with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 N\u2010protein was demonstrated using dual immunohistochemistry in lung tissue from a COVID\u201019 autopsy. While CD169 and CD209 showed consistent protein expression in sinonasal, conjunctival and bronchiolar tissues, neuropilin\u20101 and ASGR1 were mostly absent, suggesting a minor relevance of these two molecules at these specific sites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results extend recent discoveries indicating a role for these molecules in virus entry at different anatomical sites. Moreover, they support the notion of alveolar macrophages being a potential entry cell for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T14:44:25Z","timestamp":1674744265000},"page":"846-859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comprehensive analysis of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 receptor proteins in human respiratory tissues identifies alveolar macrophages as potential virus entry site"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3966-3579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin","family":"Br\u00e4utigam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University of Bern  Bern 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