{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:23:37Z","timestamp":1790882617262,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690761600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005762","name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["111\u2010N0019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111\u2010N0019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Histopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic>\n                      (HP) infection is the most common cause of chronic gastritis worldwide. Due to the small size of HP and limited resolution, diagnosing HP infections is more difficult when using digital slides.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed a two\u2010tier deep\u2010learning\u2010based model for diagnosing HP gastritis. A whole\u2010slide model was trained on 885 whole\u2010slide images (WSIs) with only slide\u2010level labels (positive or negative slides). An auxiliary model was trained on 824 areas with HP in nine positive WSIs and 446 negative WSIs for localizing HP. The whole\u2010slide model performed well, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.9739 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9545\u20130.9932). The calculated sensitivity and specificity were 93.3% and 90.1%, respectively, whereas those of pathologists were 93.3% and 84.2%, respectively. Using the auxiliary model, the highlighted areas of the localization maps had an average precision of 0.5796.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HP gastritis can be diagnosed on haematoxylin\u2010and\u2010eosin\u2010stained WSIs with human\u2010level accuracy using a deep\u2010learning\u2010based model trained on slide\u2010level labels and an auxiliary model for localizing HP and confirming the diagnosis. This two\u2010tiered model can shorten the diagnostic process and reduce the need for special staining.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/his.15018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T04:52:42Z","timestamp":1690779162000},"page":"771-781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Two\u2010tiered deep\u2010learning\u2010based model for histologic diagnosis of\n                    <i>Helicobacter<\/i>\n                    gastritis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Yi\u2010Jyun","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology National Taiwan University Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0267-7704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi\u2010Chung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aetherAI Co., Ltd.  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia\u2010Hsiang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology National Taiwan University Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1947-1596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao\u2010Yuan","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"aetherAI Co., Ltd.  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9986-7194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung\u2010Ming","family":"Jeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology National Taiwan University Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/JEnvironPatholToxicolOncol.2018026839"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163473"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i18.5461"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"134","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori, gastric MALT lymphoma, and adenocarcinoma of the stomach","volume":"11","author":"Go MF","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin. 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