{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T09:20:59Z","timestamp":1792574459017,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Histopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study evaluates the utility of breast specific markers in identifying breast cancer subtypes within metastatic settings. The subtype alteration in metastatic disease and its consequent impact on breast\u2010specific marker expression is also examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>GATA\u2010binding protein 3 (GATA3), mammaglobin (MMG), transcriptional repressor GATA binding 1 (TRSP1) and SRY\u2010box transcription factor 10 (SOX10) expression were assessed in a large cohort of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) cases and correlated with the characteristics of both MBC and primary breast cancer (PBC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>GATA3 was the most sensitive in MBC (83.1%), followed by TRPS1 (77.0%), MMG (58.5%) and SOX10 (7.1%). This trend was consistent in hormonal receptor (HR)+ and HR\u2212 MBC. Combining GATA3\/TRPS1 yielded the highest detection rates in the overall cohort (90.1%) and HR+ MBC (97.1%), while TRSP1\/MMG was most effective in HR\u2212 (76.2%) and TN (71.1%) MBC. Marker expression did not correlate with metastatic site, except SOX10 in lung metastases (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.031). Subtype discordance between MBC and PBC occurred in 43 cases (24.4%), with GATA3 expression in HR\u2212 MBC significantly linked to subtype discordance (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005). Conversely, SOX10 expression was significantly associated with subtype concordance in HR\u2212 and TNBC (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.003). Despite a higher expression of GATA3 in all HR\u2212 cases, TRSP1 outperformed GATA3 in detecting concordant HR\u2212 cases (64.0% versus 38.5%). TRPS1 and SOX10 were expressed in more than 50% of concordant TNBC cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The expression of breast\u2010specific markers is mainly determined by the PBC subtype. GATA3 retains high sensitivity in HR+ cancers, even after HR loss during metastasis. TRPS1 and SOX10 are identified as valuable markers in TNBC metastasis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/his.15358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T07:50:47Z","timestamp":1730361047000},"page":"536-546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Evaluation of breast\u2010specific marker expression in metastatic breast cancers: Correlation with subtype switch"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9267-0076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9930-1783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Howard","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2425-0314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Pathology The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Poon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6612-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia Y","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun\u2010Wai","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ngou\u2010Men","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9405-9665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary M","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPYO5FSV3UPEXS"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2022.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-020-05818-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-022-01569-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"1221","article-title":"Co\u2010expression and prognostic value of gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 and mammaglobin in primary breast cancer","volume":"22","author":"Fritzsche FR","year":"2007","journal-title":"Histol. 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