{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:03:36Z","timestamp":1791389016220,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Histopathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genitourinary (GU) malignancies remain a global health challenge. While tissue biopsy is the diagnostic gold standard, its invasive nature and inability to fully capture tumour heterogeneity or minimal residual disease (MRD) highlight the need for non\u2010invasive alternatives. Liquid biopsy, analysing tumour\u2010derived material in plasma or urine, has emerged as a promising tool for diagnosis, surveillance and response monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed was searched to identify studies on liquid biopsy in GU cancers. Eligible studies reported diagnostic or prognostic performance of assays using circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), urinary tumour DNA (utDNA), extracellular vesicles or RNA. Reviews and case reports were excluded. Articles were screened independently by three reviewers using Rayyan.Ai, with evidence synthesised narratively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In bladder cancer, utDNA\u2010based assays\u2014including methylation panels (BladMetrix, Bladder CARE), mutation assays (UroMuTERT) and capture\u2010based sequencing\u2014consistently achieved sensitivities of 80%\u201394% and specificities of 85%\u201395%, outperforming urine cytology and enabling detection of tumours years before clinical diagnosis. In upper tract urothelial carcinoma, utDNA methylation and mutation analysis demonstrated sensitivities of 80% and specificities up to 95%. In kidney cancer, ctDNA levels are relatively low; however, cell\u2010free DNA methylation signatures (\n                      <jats:italic>VHL, RNF185, RASSF1A<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and cfMeDIP\u2010Seq approaches have shown strong discriminatory power, with plasma\u2010based assays achieving near 100% sensitivity in small studies. In prostate cancer, urinary RNA (\n                      <jats:italic>PCA3, TMPRSS2<\/jats:italic>\n                      :\n                      <jats:italic>ERG<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), miRNA and metabolite\u2010based assays achieved sensitivities and specificities ranging from 70% to 95%, with composite multigene panels (MyProstateScore2, utLIFE\u2010PC) improving risk stratification beyond PSA alone.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Liquid biopsy demonstrates strong diagnostic and prognostic potential across GU cancers. While bladder and prostate cancer assays are most advanced, emerging evidence in UTUC and kidney cancer is encouraging. Prospective, longitudinal validation remains essential before widespread clinical adoption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/his.70047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:23:30Z","timestamp":1765545810000},"page":"338-352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Recent advances in liquid biopsy for genitourinary cancers: A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Christian F","family":"Harrs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Morsani College of Medicine University of South Florida  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0577-4242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sricharan","family":"Pusala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genitourinary Oncology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6049-5293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Surgery (Urology) Brown University Health, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, The Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University  Providence Rhode Island USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5947-6925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behzad","family":"Jazayeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genitourinary Oncology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center  Tampa Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genitourinary Oncology H. 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