{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T02:25:56Z","timestamp":1787538356625,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013276","name":"Interreg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IMR6\u201000004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMR6\u201000004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013276","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Histopathology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Programmed death\u2010ligand 1 (PD\u2010L1) expression, commonly quantified as tumour proportion score (TPS), is a key biomarker guiding immunotherapy in non\u2010small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Manual scoring of PD\u2010L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is time\u2010consuming and challenged by preanalytical variability and interpretive subjectivity, which can hinder consistent treatment selection. Artificial intelligence (AI) tools aim to support more standardized PD\u2010L1 scoring. We compare publicly available evidence on PD\u2010L1 AI tools and identify barriers to routine implementation. We mapped publicly available evidence for seven commercial and 13 non\u2010commercial or research\u2010stage PD\u2010L1 AI tools across six interconnected levels: data characteristics and validation setting, data preparation and reference standard, supervision strategy, performance evaluation and agreement, generalizability and clinical relevance, and deployment traceability. Commercial sources more often described workflow integration, intended use, reader assistance and certification or product status, whereas non\u2010commercial studies more often detailed model architecture, supervision strategy, code\/data availability and experimental design. Heterogeneity in cohorts, assay\u2013scanner settings, reference standards, agreement metrics and decision\u2010threshold reporting limited direct comparison. Key gaps included scarce prospective multi\u2010centre validation, limited reporting at decision\u2010relevant TPS thresholds, and incomplete separation between peer\u2010reviewed validation evidence, vendor claims and deployment traceability. The resulting evidence map supports conditional appraisal and local verification rather than a universal ranking. Publicly available evidence for PD\u2010L1 TPS AI tools remains heterogeneous, and reported performance is not automatically portable between laboratories because it depends on the combined case mix, assay\u2013scanner workflow, reference standard and TPS\u2010threshold setting. Therefore, current evidence does not support a universal ranking for routine practice. The six\u2010level comparison structure and end\u2010user crosswalk support shortlisting intended\u2010use\u2010compatible tools and, where relevant, comparing them locally using the same representative cases, assay\u2013scanner workflow, reference standard and prespecified TPS\u2010threshold endpoints. More transparent reporting, robust external and prospective multi\u2010centre validation, and ongoing quality monitoring are needed for safe integration into routine human\u2013AI pathology workflows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/his.70268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T02:16:20Z","timestamp":1787537780000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<scp>AI<\/scp>\n                    for tumour proportion scoring of programmed death\u2010ligand 1 immunohistochemistry in non\u2010small cell lung cancer: a review of commercial and non\u2010commercial tools"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4652-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Webers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science Institute Hasselt University  Diepenbeek Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3421-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandrina","family":"Martens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute Hasselt University  Diepenbeek Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8320-1320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Gervois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute Hasselt University  Diepenbeek Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4888-3485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inge","family":"Mertens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Intelligence Unit VITO  Mol Belgium"},{"name":"Center for Proteomics University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5239-2841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri","family":"Tolkach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology University Hospital Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7025-1401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves","family":"Sucaet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Antwerp University Hospital  Edegem Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9277-6524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Wolfs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute Hasselt University  Diepenbeek Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1877-3496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"Valkenborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science Institute Hasselt University  Diepenbeek Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.07.012","article-title":"Oncology meets immunology: The cancer\u2010immunity cycle","volume":"39","author":"Chen DS","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-7141-1","volume-title":"Immunotherapy against lung cancer: Emerging opportunities and challenges","author":"Bhatt S","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"PD\u2010L1 testing by immunohistochemistry in Immuno\u2010oncology","volume":"23","author":"Vranic S","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bosn. 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