{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T13:15:58Z","timestamp":1774790158185,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]],"date-time":"2012-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1353456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Insulin resistance in viral infections is common. We have explored the effectiveness of metformin for alleviating insulin resistance in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients and assessed the relevance of the ataxia\u2010telangiectasia mutated (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATM<\/jats:styled-content>) <jats:italic>rs11212617<\/jats:italic> variant in the clinical response with the rationale that metformin modulates cellular bioenergetics in an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010dependent process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009385) were compared with controls recruited from the general population (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009300) with respect to the genotype distribution of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATM<\/jats:styled-content> <jats:italic>rs11212617<\/jats:italic> variant and its influence on selected metabolic and inflammatory variables. We also followed up a subset of male patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> and hepatitis <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content> virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content>) coinfection (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200947) who were not receiving antiviral treatment and for whom metformin was prescribed for insulin resistance, which tends to have a higher incidence and severity in coinfected patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients, human cytomegalovirus (91.9%) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> (62.3%) coinfections were frequent. Selected metabolic and\/or inflammatory variables were significantly altered in infected patients. Treatment with metformin in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> coinfected patients was well tolerated and significantly increased the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin. The minor allele (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>) of the <jats:italic>rs11212617<\/jats:italic> variant was associated with treatment success and may affect the course of insulin resistance in response to metformin (odds ratio 1.21; 95% confidence interval 1.07\u20131.39; <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005). There were no differences between treated and untreated patients in viral loads or variables measuring immune defence, indicating that toxicity is unlikely.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We provide novel data suggesting that identification of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ATM<\/jats:styled-content> <jats:italic>rs11212617<\/jats:italic> variant may be important in assessing the glycaemic response to metformin treatment for insulin resistance in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]],"date-time":"2012-11-21T13:41:17Z","timestamp":1353505277000},"page":"233-240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Metformin: a cheap and well\u2010tolerated drug that provides benefits for viral infections"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"J","family":"Joven","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica (URB\u2010CRB) IISPV Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan Universitat Rovira i Virgili  Reus Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JA","family":"Men\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi)  Girona Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Fernandez\u2010Sender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Recerca Biom\u00e8dica (URB\u2010CRB) IISPV Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan Universitat Rovira i Virgili  Reus Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Espinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron  Barcelona 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