{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T21:28:04Z","timestamp":1791062884212,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,18]],"date-time":"2013-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1358467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the study was to explore the relationships between lymphocyte and monocyte activation, inflammation, and subclinical vascular disease among <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101\u2010infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Baseline mean common carotid artery (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCA<\/jats:styled-content>) intima\u2010media thickness (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IMT<\/jats:styled-content>) and carotid plaque (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IMT<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009&gt;\u20091.5cm) were evaluated in the first 60 subjects enrolled in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>topping <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>therosclerosis and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>reating <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>nhealthy <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>one with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">R<\/jats:styled-content>osuvastatin in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SATURN\u2010HIV<\/jats:styled-content>) trial. All subjects were adults on stable <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content> with evidence of heightened <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cell activation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD38<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>HLA\u2010DR<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><\/jats:styled-content>\u2009\u2265\u200919%) or increased inflammation (high\u2010sensitivity <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010reactive protein \u2265\u20092mg\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">L<\/jats:styled-content>). All had fasting low\u2010density lipoprotein (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LDL<\/jats:styled-content>) cholesterol \u2264\u2009130mg\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">dL<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventy\u2010eight per cent of patients were men and 65% were <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>frican\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">A<\/jats:styled-content>merican. Median (interquartile range) age and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 count were 47 (43, 52) years and 648 (511, 857) cells\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u03bcL<\/jats:styled-content>, respectively. All had <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009&lt;\u2009400 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> copies\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>. Mean <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCA\u2010IMT<\/jats:styled-content> was correlated with log\u2010transformed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD38<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>HLA\u2010DR<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><\/jats:styled-content> percentage (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.326; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.043), and concentrations of interleukin\u20106 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.283; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.028), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM; <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.434; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.004), tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 receptor\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNFR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>; <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.591; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and fibrinogen (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.257; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.047). After adjustment for traditional cardiovascular disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CVD<\/jats:styled-content>) risk factors, the association with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TNFR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007) and fibrinogen (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.033) remained significant. Subjects with plaque (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200922; 37%) were older [mean (standard deviation) 51 (7.7) <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 43 (9.4) years, respectively; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002], and had a higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD38<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>HLA\u2010DR<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><\/jats:styled-content> percentage [median (interquartile range) 31% (24, 41%) <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 23% (20, 29%), respectively; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.046] and a higher <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">sVCAM<\/jats:styled-content> concentration [mean (standard deviation) 737 (159) <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 592 (160) ng\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mL<\/jats:styled-content>, respectively; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.008] compared with those without plaque. Pro\u2010inflammatory monocyte subsets and serum markers of monocyte activation (soluble <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD163<\/jats:styled-content> and soluble <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD14<\/jats:styled-content>) were not associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCA\u2010IMT<\/jats:styled-content> or plaque.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SATURN\u2010HIV<\/jats:styled-content> have a high level of inflammation and immune activation that is associated with subclinical vascular disease despite low serum <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LDL<\/jats:styled-content> cholesterol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,18]],"date-time":"2013-01-18T12:12:38Z","timestamp":1358511158000},"page":"385-390","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Markers of inflammation and <scp>CD8 T<\/scp>\u2010cell activation, but not monocyte activation, are associated with subclinical carotid artery disease in <scp>HIV<\/scp>\u2010infected individuals"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"CT","family":"Longenecker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute  Cleveland OH USA"},{"name":"University Hospitals Case Medical Center  Cleveland OH USA"},{"name":"Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"NT","family":"Funderburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Debanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Storer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Case Medical Center  Cleveland OH USA"},{"name":"Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland OH USA"},{"name":"Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital  Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DE","family":"Labbato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Case Medical Center  Cleveland OH USA"},{"name":"Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland OH USA"},{"name":"Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital  Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MM","family":"Lederman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Case Medical Center  Cleveland OH USA"},{"name":"Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GA","family":"McComsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Case Medical Center  Cleveland OH USA"},{"name":"Case Western Reserve University  Cleveland OH USA"},{"name":"Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital  Cleveland OH 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