{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T15:18:36Z","timestamp":1751469516607},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,5]],"date-time":"2013-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1370390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10]]},"abstract":"Objectives<\/jats:title>We investigated the vitamin D<\/jats:styled-content> status of patients receiving frequently used types of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART<\/jats:styled-content>), including boosted protease inhibitor (PI<\/jats:styled-content>) monotherapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>For this cross\u2010sectional study, out of 450 HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients followed in the H<\/jats:styled-content>ospital S<\/jats:styled-content>evero O<\/jats:styled-content>choa (M<\/jats:styled-content>adrid, S<\/jats:styled-content>pain), we selected 352 patients for whom vitamin D<\/jats:styled-content> levels had been measured (J<\/jats:styled-content>anuary 2009 to D<\/jats:styled-content>ecember 2010). We collected the following data: demographics, cART<\/jats:styled-content> duration, main cART<\/jats:styled-content> regimen, viral load (VL<\/jats:styled-content>), CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 cell count, and concentrations of 25(OH<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010vitamin D<\/jats:styled-content> [25(OH<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010D<\/jats:styled-content>], parathyroid hormone (PTH<\/jats:styled-content>), albumin and calcium. Vitamin D<\/jats:styled-content> status cut\u2010off points were: (1) deficiency (vitDd<\/jats:styled-content>): 25(OH<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010D <\/jats:styled-content><\u200920\u2009ng\/mL; (2) insufficiency (vitDi<\/jats:styled-content>): 25(OH<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010D<\/jats:styled-content> from 20 to 29.99\u2009ng\/mL; and (3) optimal (vitDo<\/jats:styled-content>): 25(OH<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010D <\/jats:styled-content>\u2265\u200930\u2009ng\/mL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>The percentages of patients with vitDd<\/jats:styled-content>, vitDi<\/jats:styled-content> and vitDo<\/jats:styled-content> were 44, 27.6 and 28.5%, respectively. Twenty\u2010nine out of 30 (96.7%) Black patients had vitDd<\/jats:styled-content> or vitDi<\/jats:styled-content>, vs.<\/jats:italic> 71.6% in the global sample (P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001). Former injecting drug users (IDUs<\/jats:styled-content>) had a higher prevalence of vitDo<\/jats:styled-content> (P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001) than patients in other transmission categories. Among patients with vitDd, vitDi and vitDo, the proportions of patients with a VL \u2264 50 HIV\u20101 RNA copies\/mL were 77.4, 68 and 91%, respectively (P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.0001). Of the cART<\/jats:styled-content> regimens, only boosted PI<\/jats:styled-content> monotherapy was associated with significant differences in vitamin D<\/jats:styled-content> levels (P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.039). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed an increased risk of vitDi<\/jats:styled-content> or vitDd<\/jats:styled-content> associated with the following variables: Black vs.<\/jats:italic>\u2005C<\/jats:styled-content>aucasian ethnicity [odds ratio (OR<\/jats:styled-content>) 10.6; 95% confidence interval (CI<\/jats:styled-content>) 1.2\u201394; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.033]; heterosexual (OR<\/jats:styled-content> 2.37; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.13\u20134.93; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.022) or men who have sex with men (MSM<\/jats:styled-content>) (OR<\/jats:styled-content> 3.25; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.25\u20138.50; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.016) transmission category vs.<\/jats:italic> former IDU<\/jats:styled-content>; and VL <\/jats:styled-content>>\u200950 copies\/mL (OR<\/jats:styled-content> 2.56; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.10\u20137.25; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.040). A lower risk of vitamin D<\/jats:styled-content> insufficiency or deficiency was found in patients on boosted PI<\/jats:styled-content> monotherapy vs.<\/jats:italic> no treatment (OR<\/jats:styled-content> 0.08; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.01\u20130.6; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.018).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Our data show an increased risk of vitamin D<\/jats:styled-content> deficiency or insufficiency in patients with detectable VL<\/jats:styled-content> and a Black ethnic background. Among cART<\/jats:styled-content> regimens, boosted PI<\/jats:styled-content> monotherapy was associated with a lower risk of vitamin D<\/jats:styled-content> deficiency or insufficiency. The more favourable vitamin D<\/jats:styled-content> status in former IDUs<\/jats:styled-content> was probably attributable to a higher frequency of outdoor jobs in this group of patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,6]],"date-time":"2013-06-06T03:18:25Z","timestamp":1370488705000},"page":"556-562","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Higher vitamin D<\/scp> levels in HIV<\/scp>\u2010infected out\u2010patients on treatment with boosted protease inhibitor monotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Cervero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service Severo Ochoa Hospital Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JL","family":"Agud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service Severo Ochoa Hospital Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service Severo Ochoa Hospital Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Lacalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Service Severo Ochoa Hospital Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Alc\u00e1zar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Service Severo Ochoa Hospital Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JJ","family":"Jusdado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service Severo Ochoa Hospital Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service Ram\u00f3n y Cajal Madrid Hospital Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32801022eb"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/656412"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283292195"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017217"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328337b161"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2009.0241"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq158"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2011.0244"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31821ae418"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-010-0144-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833c3281"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2008.0058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1502"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"WohlD DoroaraM PilottoJHet\u2009al.Change in Vitamin D levels smaller of development of severe Vitamin D Deficiency lower among HIV\u20101 infected Treatment\u2010naive adults receiving TMC278 compared with EFV: 48\u2010weeks result from the Phase III ECHO trial [O].1014].18th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. 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