{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T22:22:02Z","timestamp":1770330122449,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]],"date-time":"2013-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1383177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"Objectives<\/jats:title>Although combination antiretroviral therapy (cART<\/jats:styled-content>) can restore CD4 T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cell numbers in HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection, alterations in T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cell regulation and homeostasis persist. We assessed the incidence and predictors of reversing these alterations with cART<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>ART<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010na\u00efve adults (n\u2009=\u20094459) followed within the C<\/jats:styled-content>anadian O<\/jats:styled-content>bservational C<\/jats:styled-content>ohort and exhibiting an abnormal T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cell phenotype (TCP<\/jats:styled-content>) prior to cART<\/jats:styled-content> initiation were studied. Abnormal TCP<\/jats:styled-content> was defined as having (1) a low CD4 T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cell count (<\u2009532 cells\/\u03bcL<\/jats:styled-content>), (2) lost T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cell homeostasis (CD3<\/jats:styled-content>\u2009<\u200965% or >\u200985%) or (3) CD4<\/jats:styled-content>:CD8<\/jats:styled-content> ratio dysregulation (ratio\u2009<\u20091.2). To thoroughly evaluate the TCP<\/jats:styled-content>, CD4<\/jats:styled-content> and CD8 T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cell percentages and absolute counts were also analysed for a median duration of 3.14 years [interquartile range (IQR<\/jats:styled-content>) 1.48\u20135.47 years]. Predictors of TCP<\/jats:styled-content> normalization were assessed using adjusted Cox proportional hazards models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>A<\/jats:styled-content>t baseline, 96% of pateints had CD4<\/jats:styled-content> depletion, 32% had lost homeostasis and 99% exhibited ratio dysregulation. With treatment, a third of patients had normalized CD4 T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cell counts, but only 85 individuals (2%) had normalized their TCP<\/jats:styled-content>. In a multivariable model adjusted for age, measurement frequency and baseline regimen, higher baseline CD4 T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cell counts and time\u2010dependent viral suppression independently predicted TCP<\/jats:styled-content> normalization [hazard ratio (HR<\/jats:styled-content>) for baseline CD4<\/jats:styled-content> T\u2010cell count\u2009=\u20091.42 (1.31\u20131.54) per 100\u2009cells\/\u03bcL<\/jats:styled-content> increase; P<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2264\u20090.0001; HR<\/jats:styled-content> for time\u2010dependent suppressed viral load\u2009=\u20093.69 (1.58\u20138.61); P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u2009\u2264\u20090.01].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Despite effective cART<\/jats:styled-content>, complete TCP<\/jats:styled-content> recovery occurred in very few individuals and was associated with baseline CD4 T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cell count and viral load suppression. HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010induced alterations of the TCP<\/jats:styled-content> are incompletely reversed by long\u2010term ART<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,31]],"date-time":"2013-10-31T10:27:17Z","timestamp":1383215237000},"page":"153-164","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Characteristics and determinants of T<\/scp>\u2010cell phenotype normalization in HIV<\/scp>\u20101\u2010infected individuals receiving long\u2010term antiretroviral therapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"P","family":"Ndumbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University Health Centre Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Gillis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toronto General Research Institute University Health Network Toronto 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