{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:04:57Z","timestamp":1791158697107,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,8]],"date-time":"2013-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pulmonary abnormalities are often present in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of, and risk factors for, pulmonary abnormalities in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 275 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive patients [mean (\u00b1\u2009standard deviation) age 48.5\u2009\u00b1\u20096.6 years] were included in the study, of whom 95.6% had been receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAART<\/jats:styled-content>) for a mean (\u00b1\u2009standard deviation) duration of 11.9\u2009\u00b1\u20095.4 years. The median (interquartile range) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD4<\/jats:styled-content> lymphocyte count was 541 (392\u2013813) cells\/\u03bcL, and 92% of the patients had an undetectable viral load. We determined: (1) spirometry, static lung volumes, lung diffusing capacity, pulmonary gas exchange and exercise tolerance, and (2) the amount of emphysema via a computed tomography (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CT<\/jats:styled-content>) scan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic cough and expectoration (47%) and breathlessness during exercise (33.9%) were commonly reported. Airflow limitation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AL<\/jats:styled-content>) was present in 17.2%, low pulmonary diffusing capacity in 52.2% and emphysema in 10.5\u221237.7% of patients, depending on the method used for quantification. Most of these abnormalities had not been diagnosed or treated previously. Smoking exposure and previous tuberculosis were the main risk factors for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AL<\/jats:styled-content>, whereas smoking exposure and several variables related to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection appeared to contribute to the risk of emphysema and low diffusing capacity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAART<\/jats:styled-content>, pulmonary structural and functional abnormalities are frequent in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive patients. They are probably attributable to both environmental (smoking and tuberculosis) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010related factors. Most of these abnormalities remain unnoticed and untreated. Given the relatively young age of these patients, these results anticipate a significant health problem in the next few years as, thanks to the efficacy of HAART, patients survive longer and experience the effects of aging.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,9]],"date-time":"2013-12-09T02:32:36Z","timestamp":1386556356000},"page":"321-329","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Prevalence of and risk factors for pulmonary abnormalities in <scp>HIV<\/scp>\u2010infected patients treated with antiretroviral therapy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"G","family":"Samp\u00e9riz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n de investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares Ramon Llull (FISIB)  Palma de Mallorca Spain"},{"name":"Son Espases University Hospital  Palma de Mallorca 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