{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:53:52Z","timestamp":1791176032302,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,24]],"date-time":"2014-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence of sexually transmitted hepatitis <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content> virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content>) reinfection is on the rise in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected men who have sex with men (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSM<\/jats:styled-content>). Data on natural history of acute hepatitis <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content> and possible factors associated with spontaneous clearance are limited. The aim of this study was to analyse the outcome of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> reinfections in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSM<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective analysis was carried out on patients with more than one sexually acquired <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> infection who were diagnosed at four major <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">G<\/jats:styled-content>erman <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> and hepatitis care centres. Reinfection was defined by genotype or phylogenetic clade switch, detectable <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV RNA<\/jats:styled-content> after a sustained virological response (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SVR<\/jats:styled-content>) or after spontaneous clearance (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SC<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 48 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSM<\/jats:styled-content> were identified with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> reinfection, among them 11 with a third episode and one patient with four episodes. At the first episode, 43 and five patients had an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SVR<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SC<\/jats:styled-content>, respectively. The second episode was accompanied by a genotype switch in 29 patients (60%). Whereas 30 and nine patients showed an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SVR<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SC<\/jats:styled-content>, respectively, eight patients developed chronic hepatitis. Neither <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> genotype switch nor interleukin\u201028<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content> genotype was associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SC<\/jats:styled-content>. However, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SC<\/jats:styled-content> rates at the second episode were higher for patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SC<\/jats:styled-content> at the first episode compared with patients without <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SC<\/jats:styled-content> (60 <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 14%, respectively; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.03). Two patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SC<\/jats:styled-content> at the first episode were reinfected with the same genotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple reinfections in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSM<\/jats:styled-content> do occur, with or without genotype switch, and with prior <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SC<\/jats:styled-content> of previous episodes. In this large case series, except for <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SC<\/jats:styled-content> at the first episode, no factor was of value in clinical decision\u2010making for early therapeutic intervention in acute <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content> reinfection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]],"date-time":"2014-02-25T02:37:41Z","timestamp":1393295861000},"page":"355-361","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Multiple hepatitis <scp>C<\/scp> virus (<scp>HCV<\/scp>) reinfections in <scp>HIV<\/scp>\u2010positive men who have sex with men: no influence of <scp>HCV<\/scp> genotype switch or interleukin\u201028<scp>B<\/scp> genotype on spontaneous clearance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"P","family":"Ingiliz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center for Infectious Diseases  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Krznaric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center for Infectious Diseases  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u2010J","family":"Stellbrink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICH Study Center  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Knecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Center  Frankfurt Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Lutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Center  Frankfurt Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Noah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Labor Lademannbogen  Hamburg 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