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Grey matter and white matter masks were segmented from the animal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRI<\/jats:styled-content>s and used to produce cortical masks co\u2010registered to <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MRSI<\/jats:styled-content> data to yield cortical metabolite concentrations of the glial markers <jats:italic>myo<\/jats:italic>\u2010inositol (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>I<\/jats:styled-content>), creatine (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>r) and choline (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ho), and of the neuronal marker <jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">N<\/jats:styled-content><\/jats:italic>\u2010acetylaspartate (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAA<\/jats:styled-content>). The cortex volume within the large, 28\u2009cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> (\u223c35% of total monkey brain) volume of interest was also calculated for each animal pre\u2010 and post\u2010infection. Mean metabolite concentrations and cortex volumes were compared pre\u2010 and post\u2010infection using paired sample <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean (\u00b1\u2009standard deviation) pre\u2010infection concentrations of the glial markers <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>I<\/jats:styled-content>, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>r and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>ho were 5.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9, 7.2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.4 and 0.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u2009mM, respectively; these concentrations increased 28% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2248\u20090.06), 15% and 10% (both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), respectively, post\u2010infection. The mean concentration of neuronal marker <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAA<\/jats:styled-content> remained unchanged (7.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6\u2009mM pre\u2010infection <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 7.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8\u2009mM post\u2010infection; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2248\u20090.37). The mean cortex volume was also unchanged (8.1\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> pre\u2010infection <jats:italic>vs.<\/jats:italic> 8.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> post\u2010infection; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009\u2248\u20090.76).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results support the hypothesis that early cortical glial activation occurs after <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection prior to the onset of neurodegeneration. This suggests <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> therapeutic interventions should potentially target early glial activation in the cerebral cortex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,17]],"date-time":"2015-02-17T11:10:32Z","timestamp":1424171432000},"page":"381-387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Early glial activation precedes neurodegeneration in the cerebral cortex after <scp>SIV<\/scp> infection: <scp>A 3D<\/scp>, multivoxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"WE","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology New York University School of Medicine  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JS","family":"Babb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology New York University School of Medicine  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Tal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Physics Weizmann Institute of Science  Rehovot Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"II","family":"Kirov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology New York University School of Medicine  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AE","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology New York University School of Medicine  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E\u2010M","family":"Ratai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athinoula A. 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