{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T19:03:34Z","timestamp":1785438214109,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,17]],"date-time":"2015-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"Objectives<\/jats:title>We retrospectively evaluated clinic\u2010based screening to determine the prevalence of cryptococcal antigenaemia and management and outcome of patients with antigenaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Cryptococcal antigen (CrAg<\/jats:styled-content>) screening of HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected adults who attended the HIV<\/jats:styled-content> clinic at C<\/jats:styled-content>hris H<\/jats:styled-content>ani B<\/jats:styled-content>aragwanath H<\/jats:styled-content>ospital was conducted over 19 months. Data collected from CrAg<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive patients included CD4 T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010lymphocyte count at screening, prior or subsequent cryptococcal meningitis (CM<\/jats:styled-content>), antifungal and antiretroviral treatment and outcome after at least 8 months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Of 1460 patients with no prior CM<\/jats:styled-content>, 30 (2.1%) had a positive CrAg<\/jats:styled-content> test. The prevalence of antigenaemia among patients with a CD4<\/jats:styled-content> count <\u2009100 cells\/\u03bcl and no prior CM<\/jats:styled-content> was 2.8% (20 of 708). Of 29 evaluable CrAg<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive patients with no prior CM<\/jats:styled-content>, 14 (48%) did not return for post\u2010screening follow\u2010up. Of these 14, five developed CM<\/jats:styled-content> and one (7%) was known to be alive at follow\u2010up. Of 15 patients who returned for follow\u2010up, two already had evidence of nonmeningeal cryptococcosis. Overall, 11 received fluconazole, one did not and fluconazole treatment was unknown for three. Among these 15, one developed CM<\/jats:styled-content> and 10 (67%) were known to be alive at follow\u2010up. Overall, 18 (62%) of 29 CrAg<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive patients died or were lost to follow\u2010up. Seven (0.5%) of 1430 CrAg<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative patients developed CM<\/jats:styled-content> a median of 83 days post\u2010screening (range 34 to 219 days).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Loss to follow\u2010up is the major operational issue relevant to scale\u2010up of screen\u2010and\u2010treat. Patient outcomes may be improved by rapid access to CrAg<\/jats:styled-content> results and focus on linkage to and retention in HIV<\/jats:styled-content> care.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,17]],"date-time":"2015-02-17T11:12:48Z","timestamp":1424171568000},"page":"468-476","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Evaluation of screening and treatment of cryptococcal antigenaemia among HIV<\/scp>\u2010infected persons in S<\/scp>oweto, S<\/scp>outh A<\/scp>frica"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"NP","family":"Govender","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases (Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections), a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JF","family":"Mendes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Community Health Gauteng Department of Health Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TG","family":"Zulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Communicable Diseases (Centre for Opportunistic, Tropical and Hospital Infections), a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TM","family":"Chiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mycotic Diseases Branch Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AS","family":"Karstaedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital Soweto South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-67"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200007070-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2005.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32830007cd"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000191232.16111.f9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-12-38"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028691"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","volume-title":"Rapid Advice \u2010 Diagnosis, Prevention and Management of Cryptococcal Disease in HIV\u2010Infected Adults, Adolescents and Children","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70245-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597262"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/657405"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70094-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182478dc0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069288"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"South African National AIDS Council.National Strategic Plan on HIV STIs and TB 2012\u20102016 Pretoria: South African National AIDS Council 2012. 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