{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:51:48Z","timestamp":1787014308662,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,4]],"date-time":"2015-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 NS0064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 NS0064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The antimalarial drug chloroquine (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CQ<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) dampens the immune system and is used in the treatment of autoimmune disorders.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CQ<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      also shows antiviral activity against nonenveloped and enveloped viruses, including\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u20101. Persistent immune activation in chronic\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u20101infection leads to\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD4 T<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010cell depletion.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CQ<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      is envisioned to attenuate immune activation and virus activity in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u20101\u2010infected patients. The role of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CQ<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in immune activation and virus activity is discussed here.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To elucidate the effect of CQ on immune activation, a retrospective review of published clinical trials,\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      experimental studies in animals, and the most relevant\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      observations in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u20101\u2010infected cells, together with observations from our own laboratory studies, was carried out and the findings discussed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a few clinical studies and animal experiments,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CQ<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was ineffective in decreasing immune activation and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u20101 infection.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:italic>n vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CQ<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      markedly increased\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u20101 infection in astrocytes and other non\u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD4<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      cells.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The use of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CQ<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u20101\u2010infected patients is questionable. The evidence for a dampening of immune activation by CQ is inconclusive.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,4]],"date-time":"2015-08-04T05:43:36Z","timestamp":1438667016000},"page":"585-590","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The enigma of the clandestine association between chloroquine and\n                    <scp>HIV<\/scp>\n                    \u20101 infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology University of South Carolina School of Medicine  Columbia SC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Tikoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology University of South Carolina School of Medicine  Columbia SC 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