{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T02:53:07Z","timestamp":1768791187474,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]],"date-time":"2016-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the study was to provide insights into the contributions of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection stage, antiretroviral therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>) and vascular risk factors to the occurrence of ischaemic stroke in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a case\u2013control study of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients followed in our clinic. We compared patients hospitalized between January 2006 and June 2014 with an ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack to age\u2010 and gender\u2010matched controls without stroke.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 2146 patients followed in our clinic, we included 23 cases (20 men and three women; mean age 51.3 years) and 23 controls. Eighty\u2010three per cent of cases had had a stroke and 17% a transient ischaemic attack. According to the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TOAST<\/jats:styled-content>) classification, small\u2010vessel occlusion was the most frequent aetiology, followed by large\u2010artery atherosclerosis and cardioembolism. Compared with controls, stroke was statistically significantly associated with diabetes, smoking and low concentrations of high\u2010density lipoprotein (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDL<\/jats:styled-content>) cholesterol. Illegal drug use, a low <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 count and a high viral load were also associated with ischaemic cerebral events. There were no statistically significant differences between cases and controls in Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CDC<\/jats:styled-content>) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> stage, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 count nadir and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection time\u2010to\u2010event. No statistically significant differences were found concerning <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content> or treatment compliance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In our single centre study, we found associations of illegal drug use, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> replication and some traditional vascular risk factors with the occurrence of ischaemic cerebral events. The paradigm of the care of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010infected patients is changing. Concomitant diseases in the ageing patient with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection, including cerebrovascular disease, must also be addressed in view of their impacts on morbidity and mortality. Apart from controlling the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection and immunosuppression with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>, vascular risk factors must also be addressed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,18]],"date-time":"2016-08-18T10:06:39Z","timestamp":1471514799000},"page":"214-219","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Ischaemic stroke in <scp>HIV<\/scp>\u2010infected patients: a case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Silva\u2010Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department and HIV Clinic Centro Hospitalar S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Nephrology and Infectious Diseases R&amp;D Group Health Investigation and Inovation Institute (I3S) University of Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department and Stroke Unit Centro Hospitalar S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Department Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Serr\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department and HIV Clinic Centro Hospitalar S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Nephrology and Infectious Diseases R&amp;D Group Health Investigation and Inovation Institute (I3S) University of Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Sarmento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department and HIV Clinic Centro Hospitalar S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Nephrology and Infectious Diseases R&amp;D Group Health Investigation and Inovation Institute (I3S) University of Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department and Stroke Unit Centro Hospitalar S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Porto Portugal"},{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Department Faculty of Medicine of University of Porto Porto 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