{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T18:04:32Z","timestamp":1774893872659,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,28]],"date-time":"2017-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Centre for Disease Control"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persons engaged in the sex industry are at greater risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections than the general population. One major factor is exposure to higher levels of risky sexual activity. Expanding condom use is a critical prevention strategy, but this requires negotiation with those buying sex, which takes place in the context of cultural and economic constraints. Impoverished individuals who fear violence are more likely to forego condoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here we tested the hypotheses that poverty and fear of violence are two structural drivers of HIV infection risk in the sex industry. Using data from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and the World Bank for 30 countries, we evaluated poverty, measured using the average income per day per person in the bottom 40% of the income distribution, and gender violence, measured using homicide rates in women and the proportion of women exposed to violence in the last 12\u00a0months and\/or since age 16\u00a0years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that HIV prevalence among those in the sex industry was higher in countries where there were greater female homicide rates (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a00.86;\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.018) and there was some evidence that self\u2010reported exposure to violence was also associated with higher HIV prevalence (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a01.37;\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.043). Conversely, HIV prevalence was lower in countries where average incomes among the poorest were greater (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a0\u22121.05;\n                      <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u00a00.046).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results are consistent with the theory that reducing poverty and exposure to violence may help reduce HIV infection risk among persons engaged in the sex industry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12520","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,28]],"date-time":"2017-05-28T21:56:45Z","timestamp":1496008605000},"page":"748-755","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Gender violence, poverty and HIV infection risk among persons engaged in the sex industry: cross\u2010national analysis of the political economy of sex markets in 30 European and Central Asian countries"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Reeves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Inequalities Institute London School of Economics and Political Science London UK"},{"name":"Department of Sociology University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jesus College University of Cambridge Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Stuckler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sociology University of Oxford Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Research and Policy London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Amato\u2010Gauci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JC","family":"Semenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60931-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Thematic Report: Sex Workers. 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