{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T18:06:31Z","timestamp":1761156391131},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]],"date-time":"2017-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000085","name":"Ontario HIV Treatment Network","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on a growing body of evidence implicating low vitamin D status in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), we hypothesized that in Canadian HIV\u2010positive adults, low 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration would be associated with increased subclinical vascular disease progression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We prospectively studied the relationship between baseline 25(OH)D and subsequent progression of carotid intima\u2010media thickness (CIMT) between 2002 and 2011, in the Canadian HIV Vascular Study using stored blood specimens.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 128 participants, 89.1% were men, the mean age (standard deviation [SD]) was 46.5 (8.2) years, 93.8% were white, and 36.7% were current smokers. Mean (SD) annual CIMT follow\u2010up was 5.9 (1.8) years (maximum 8.5 years), providing approximately 750 patient\u2010years of follow\u2010up. Mean (SD) CIMT progression was 0.027 (0.030) mm\/year. Mean (SD) 25(OH)D was 95.0 (46.9) nmol\/L. Only 13.3% of participants were vitamin D deficient (25(OH)D &lt; 50 nmol\/L), whereas 61.7% had a 25(OH)D exceeding the sufficiency threshold (75 nmol\/L). Vitamin D quartiles were inversely associated with body mass index (BMI) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.034), total cholesterol to high\u2010density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol ratio (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) and parathyroid hormone concentration (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.003), but not efavirenz exposure (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.141). In linear regression analyses, baseline 25(OH)D as a continuous variable was inversely associated with CIMT progression in univariable (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) and multivariable (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Baseline 25(OH)D was associated with CIMT progression in this relatively vitamin D replete, predominately white and male, Canadian HIV\u2010positive population. Future research needs to establish causality as this may warrant more targeted screening or supplementation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,7]],"date-time":"2017-11-07T02:22:50Z","timestamp":1510021370000},"page":"143-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Vitamin D and progression of carotid intima\u2010media thickness in HIV\u2010positive Canadians"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"H","family":"Huff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Education Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Research Methods McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AT","family":"Merchant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Health Research 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