{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T06:24:58Z","timestamp":1766557498095,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]],"date-time":"2017-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1512518400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004441","name":"Styrelsen f\u00f6r Internationellt Utvecklingssamarbete","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cervical cancer is the major cause of death from cancer in Africa. We wanted to assess the prevalence of human papillomavirus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content>) infections and associated risk factors and to determine whether <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> testing could serve as a screening method for squamous intraepithelial lesions (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIL<\/jats:styled-content>s) in Rwanda. We also wanted to obtain a broader understanding of the underlying risk factors for the establishment of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> infection in Rwanda.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 206 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive women, 172 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative women and 22 women with unknown <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> status were recruited at the University Teaching Hospitals of Kigali (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTHK<\/jats:styled-content>) and of Butare (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UTHB<\/jats:styled-content>) in Rwanda. Participants underwent an interview, cervical sampling for a Thinprep Pap test and a screening test analysing 37 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> strains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Only 27% of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive women and 7% of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative women had been screened for cervical cancer before. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content>16 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content>52 were the most common <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> strains. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive women were more commonly infected with high\u2010risk (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>) <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> and multitype <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative women. The sensitivity was 78% and the specificity 87% to detect high\u2010grade <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIL<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HSIL<\/jats:styled-content>) with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> screening. Among <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative women, being divorced was positively associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> infection, while hepatitis B, <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> infection and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> infection were factors positively associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIL<\/jats:styled-content>s. Ever having had gonorrhoea was positively associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> infection among <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive women. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> infection and the number of live births were positively associated with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SIL<\/jats:styled-content>s.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The currently used quadrivalent vaccine may be insufficient to give satisfactory <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HPV<\/jats:styled-content> coverage in Rwanda. HPV Screening may be effective to identify women at risk of developing cervical cancer, particularly if provided to high\u2010risk patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,6]],"date-time":"2017-12-06T09:12:52Z","timestamp":1512551572000},"page":"152-166","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Screening for human papillomavirus, cervical cytological abnormalities and associated risk factors in <scp>HIV<\/scp>\u2010positive and <scp>HIV<\/scp>\u2010negative women in Rwanda"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"MF","family":"Mukanyangezi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"College of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Rwanda Kigali 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