{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T14:34:41Z","timestamp":1774017281549,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,22]],"date-time":"2018-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1529625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010877","name":"ViiV Healthcare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000880","name":"Michael and Susan Dell Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002491","name":"Bristol-Myers Squibb","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002491","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"Objectives<\/jats:title>The aim was to evaluate the evolution of transmitted HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 drug resistance (TDR<\/jats:styled-content>) prevalence in antiretroviral therapy (ART<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010na\u00efve patients from 2006 to 2016.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 sequences were retrieved from the Antiviral Response Cohort Analysis (ARCA<\/jats:styled-content>) database and TDR<\/jats:styled-content> was defined as detection of at least one mutation from the World Health Organization (WHO<\/jats:styled-content>) surveillance list.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>We included protease\/reverse transcriptase sequences from 3573 patients; 455 had also integrase sequences. Overall, 68.1% of the patients were Italian, the median CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 count was 348 cells\/\u03bcL [interquartile range (IQR<\/jats:styled-content>) 169\u2013521 cells\/\u03bcL], and the median viral load was 4.7 log10<\/jats:sub> HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 RNA<\/jats:styled-content> copies\/mL<\/jats:styled-content> (IQR<\/jats:styled-content> 4.1\u20135.3 log10<\/jats:sub> copies\/mL<\/jats:styled-content>). TDR<\/jats:styled-content> was detected in 10.3% of patients: 6% carried mutations to nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI<\/jats:styled-content>s), 4.4% to nonnucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI<\/jats:styled-content>s), 2.3% to protease inhibitors (PI<\/jats:styled-content>s), 0.2% to integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI<\/jats:styled-content>s) and 2.1% to at least two drug classes. TDR<\/jats:styled-content> declined from 14.5% in 2006 to 7.3% in 2016 (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.003): TDR<\/jats:styled-content> to NRTI<\/jats:styled-content>s from 9.9 to 2.9% (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.003) and TDR<\/jats:styled-content> to NNRTI<\/jats:styled-content>s from 5.1 to 3.7% (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.028); PI TDR<\/jats:styled-content> remained stable. The proportion carrying subtype B virus declined from 76.5 to 50% (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001). The prevalence of TDR<\/jats:styled-content> was higher in subtype B vs<\/jats:italic>. non\u2010B (12.6 vs<\/jats:italic>. 4.9%, respectively; P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001) and declined significantly in subtype B (from 17.1 to 8.8%; P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.04) but not in non\u2010B subtypes (from 6.1 to 5.8%; P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.44). Adjusting for country of origin, predictors of TDR<\/jats:styled-content> were subtype B [adjusted odds ratio (AOR<\/jats:styled-content>) for subtype B vs<\/jats:italic>. non\u2010B 2.91; 95% confidence interval (CI<\/jats:styled-content>) 1.93\u20134.39; P\u00a0<\/jats:italic><\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001], lower viral load (per log10<\/jats:sub> higher: AOR<\/jats:styled-content> 0.86; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.75\u20130.99; P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.03), site in northern Italy (AOR for southern Italy\/island vs<\/jats:italic>. northern Italy, 0.61; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.40\u20130.91; P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.01), and earlier calendar year (per 1\u00a0year more recent: AOR<\/jats:styled-content> 0.95; 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content> 0.91\u20130.99; P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.02).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>The prevalence of HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 TDR<\/jats:styled-content> has declined during the last 10\u00a0years in Italy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,22]],"date-time":"2018-06-22T11:28:49Z","timestamp":1529666929000},"page":"619-628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Evolution of transmitted HIV\u20101 drug resistance and viral subtypes circulation in Italy from 2006 to 2016"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1659-9241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B","family":"Rossetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit University Hospital of Siena Siena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Di Giambenedetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases Catholic University of Sacred Heart Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Torti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit Catanzaro Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MC","family":"Postorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit Catanzaro Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Punzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Bari Hospital Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Saladini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnologies University of Siena Siena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W","family":"Gennari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Modena Hospital Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Borghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit Modena Hospital Modena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Monno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit Bari Hospital Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"AR","family":"Pignataro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Humanitas San Raffaele Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Polilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Pescara Hospital Pescara Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Colafigli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases Catholic University of Sacred Heart Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Poggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit S. 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