{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T22:52:54Z","timestamp":1790031174212,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]],"date-time":"2018-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>In adults with horizontally acquired <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection, an inverted <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8 ratio is associated with persistent immune activation, size of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> reservoir and predicts an increased risk of non\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIDS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010defining adverse events. Normalization of this ratio with antiretroviral therapy (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>) is suboptimal in adults, despite viral suppression, and is less well described in paediatric populations. We investigated rates of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8 ratio recovery in children with perinatally acquired <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection (Pa<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>) on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional, retrospective analysis of routine clinical data in children with Pa<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> (5\u201318 years old) attending a single <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UK<\/jats:styled-content> centre was carried out.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8 normalization was seen in 62% of children on suppressive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>. A negative correlation was found between current <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8 ratio and age at start of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>. Positive correlations were found between current <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8 ratio and total time with suppressed <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> viral load and nadir <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 counts. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that age at start of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content> was significantly associated with current <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8 ratio (standardized \u03b2 = \u22120.680; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Patient sex, ethnicity and antiretroviral regimen did not affect ratio recovery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found higher rates of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>4:<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>8 ratio normalization compared with previous adult studies. Children who started <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content> at a younger age were more likely to recover a normal ratio. The current policy of universal treatment for all <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive adults and children will enhance immunological normalization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,7]],"date-time":"2018-08-07T11:32:39Z","timestamp":1533641559000},"page":"668-672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["<scp>CD<\/scp>4:<scp>CD<\/scp>8 ratio in children with perinatally acquired <scp>HIV<\/scp>\u20101 infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5955-4014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T","family":"Seers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Vassallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London London UK"},{"name":"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JP","family":"Thornhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Fidler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London London UK"},{"name":"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8278-8564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12399"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"UNAids.UNAIDS Fact Sheet 2016.2016. 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