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High\u2010sensitivity C\u2010reactive protein (hsCRP<\/jats:styled-content>), d<\/jats:sc>\u2010dimer and transthyretin have been examined as inflammatory markers elsewhere, but it is unclear how they change over time in HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative or HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive African women with or without antiretroviral therapy (ART<\/jats:styled-content>) initiation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>We examined hsCRP<\/jats:styled-content>, d<\/jats:sc>\u2010dimer and transthyretin levels at baseline and at follow\u2010up of \u22652\u00a0years in 185 HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative and 510 HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive Rwandan women who were ART<\/jats:styled-content> na\u00efve at study entry. Generalized estimating equations for each marker were used to investigate the association with HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection\/CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 count, ART<\/jats:styled-content> and follow\u2010up time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Compared with HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative women, HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive women had higher hsCRP<\/jats:styled-content> and d<\/jats:sc>\u2010dimer and lower transthyretin concentrations, with greater differences at lower CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 counts. After adjusting for CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 count and other factors, ART<\/jats:styled-content> was not significantly associated with log hsCRP<\/jats:styled-content> (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.36) at follow\u2010up, but was independently associated with lower log d<\/jats:sc>\u2010dimer (P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a00.03) and higher transthyretin (P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.0008) concentrations. At \u2265\u00a02\u00a0years of follow\u2010up, hsCRP<\/jats:styled-content> had not significantly changed in any group but log d<\/jats:sc>\u2010dimer had decreased significantly in all groups. Transthyretin declined significantly over time in HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010negative women and HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive non\u2010ART<\/jats:styled-content> initiators, but increased significantly in HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010positive ART<\/jats:styled-content> initiators.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>HIV<\/jats:styled-content> infection and advanced immune suppression were associated with higher hsCRP<\/jats:styled-content> and d<\/jats:sc>\u2010dimer and lower transthyretin concentrations. ART<\/jats:styled-content> (independently of CD<\/jats:styled-content>4 changes) was significantly associated with decreases in d<\/jats:sc>\u2010dimer and increases in transthyretin, but, in contrast to other studies, was not associated with decreases in hsCRP<\/jats:styled-content>. We found no change in hsCRP<\/jats:styled-content> over time in any group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12665","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]],"date-time":"2018-08-30T15:26:56Z","timestamp":1535642816000},"page":"734-744","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Longitudinal evaluation of markers of inflammation in HIV<\/scp>\u2010positive and HIV<\/scp>\u2010negative Rwandan women"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3411-1273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"EM","family":"Kiefer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine John A. 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