{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:35:36Z","timestamp":1790271336616,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences Europe Ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Three\u2010drug combination antiretroviral therapy (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) became available in 1996, dramatically improving the prognosis of people living with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . The clinical benefits of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    are due to the sustained viral load suppression and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    4 T cell gains. Major drawbacks of the first\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ART<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    regimens were adverse events, and high pill burden, which led to the reduction of drug adherence resulting in frequent treatment discontinuations and the development of drug resistance. Due to increased viral potency of new antiretroviral drugs consideration of a two\u2010drug combination therapy repositioning occurred in an effort to reduce adverse events, drug\u2010drug interactions and cost, while maintaining a sustained antiviral effect. Various combinations of two\u2010drug regimens have been studied, and non\u2010inferiority compared to a three\u2010drug regimen has been shown only for some of them. In addition, a two\u2010drug combination regimen may not be suitable for every patient, especially those who are pregnant, those with tuberculosis or coexisting\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infection. Furthermore no information has been generated concerning the secondary transmission of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    from patients who have undetectable plasma viral load on two\u2010drug regimens. Additional studies of two\u2010drug combinations are also necessary to evaluate the debated existence of low viral replication in tissues and on immune activation. While there is no urgent need to routinely switch patients to two\u2010drug combination therapy, due to the availability of drug combinations without significant toxicities, dual regimens represent a suitable option that deserve long\u2010term evaluation before being introduced to clinical practice.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T10:13:01Z","timestamp":1551435181000},"page":"2-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Two\u2010drug\n                    <i>vs<\/i>\n                    . three\u2010drug combinations for\n                    <scp>HIV<\/scp>\n                    \u20101: Do we have enough data to make the switch?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Moreno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases University Hospital Ram\u00f3n y Cajal Alcal\u00e1 University IRYCIS Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CF","family":"Perno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine ASST Niguarda Hospital University of Milan Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PW","family":"Mallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Molecular Research Group School of Medicine University College Dublin Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Behrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Hannover Medical School Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Corbeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Human Genetics CNRS\u2010Montpellier University UMR9002 Montpellier France"},{"name":"Immunology Department University Hospital N\u00eemes France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u2010P","family":"Routy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology and Chronic Viral Infection Service McGill University Health Centre Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Darcis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Liege University Hospital University of Liege Li\u00e8ge Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12609"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir673"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12401"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30135-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028017728294"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30152-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.4.19525"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148231"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/L16-0091"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/652283"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2012.01051.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","unstructured":"British HIV Association.British HIV Association guidelines for the treatment of HIV\u20101 positive adults with antiretroviral therapy 2015 (2016 interim update). Available at:http:\/\/www.bhiva.org\/HIV-1-treatment-guidelines.aspx(accessed 29 January 2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.8900"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00097-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Treatment simplification to atazanavir\/ritonavir + lamivudine versus maintenance of atazanavir\/ritonavir + two NRTIs in virologically suppressed HIV\u20101\u2010infected patients: 48\u00a0week results from a randomized trial (ATLAS\u2010M)","volume":"72","author":"Di GiambenedettoS","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00096-1"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix734","article-title":"Dual therapy with darunavir and ritonavir plus lamivudine vs triple therapy with darunavir and ritonavir plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine or abacavir and lamivudine for maintenance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral suppression: randomized, open\u2010label, noninferiority DUAL\u2010GESIDA 8014\u2010RIS\u2010EST45 trial","volume":"65","author":"Pulido F","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70736-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky299"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.01.21678"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix1083"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32462-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33095-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","volume-title":"22nd International AIDS Conference","author":"Aboud M","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61170-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","unstructured":"RaffiF BabikerAG RichertLet\u00a0al.First\u2010line RAL + DRV\/r is non\u2010inferior to TDF\/FTC + DRV\/r: the NEAT001\/ARNR143 randomised trial. Abstract 84LB presented at CROI March 3\u20106 2014 Boston MA USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33095-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","unstructured":"PieroneG HenegarC FuscoJet\u00a0al.Virologic response to 2\u2010drug ART regimens among treatment\u2010experienced HIV+ patients. CROI 2018 Abstr. 510."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","unstructured":"TeiraR de la FuenteB Mu\u00f1ozPet\u00a0al.Real world persistency with standard of care triple therapy (TT) is significantly better than dual therapies (DT) for treatment of HIV in a large Spanish cohort \u2013 VACH. Poster presented at 16th EACS. Milan October 25\u201027 2017. PE9\/33."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11633630-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","first-page":"1942","article-title":"Antiretroviral resistance selected at failure in HIV infected patients treated by triple and dual therapies. NEAT 001. 21st CROI, Boston March 3\u20106 2014 84 LB","volume":"384","author":"Calvez V","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200204150-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-016-0118-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-016-0118-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12600"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/656722"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16933"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24634"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","unstructured":"FletcherCV ThorkelsonA WinchesterLet\u00a0al.Comparative lymphoid tissue pharmacokinetics (PK) of integrase inhibitors (INSTI). Presented at CROI March 4\u20107 2018 Boston MA USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4411"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","unstructured":"FletcherCV ThorkelsonA WinchesterLet\u00a0al.Comparative lymphoid tissue pharmacokinetics (pk) of integrase inhibitors (INSTI). CROI 2018. Abstract 27."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw046"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001282"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1703-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/529523"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu254"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004078"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12310"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182745ab0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32836253fd"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040365"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2007-0124"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis723"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis630"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2676-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2093"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23679"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000815"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006285"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir208"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dky125"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003691"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173893"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw650"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001629"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833ef7bb"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000321"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30040-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit453"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185128"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000000781"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.1.19246"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.1.19246"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1046-2"}],"container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fhiv.12716","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/hiv.12716","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T17:40:37Z","timestamp":1694626837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/hiv.12716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/hiv.12716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hiv.12716","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1464-2662","1468-1293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1464-2662","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-1293","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-01-11","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-03-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}