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The type of opioids used has evolved in the early 21st Century. The objective of this study was to describe the evolution of illicit opioid use among people living with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PLWH<\/jats:styled-content>) reporting recent opioid use in St Petersburg, Russia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined baseline data from four research studies conducted in the period 2004\u20132015 that included <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PLWH<\/jats:styled-content> who used opioids [Partnership to Reduce the Epidemic Via Engagement in Narcology Treatment (PREVENT; 2004\u20132005; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a017), HIV Evolution in Russia\u2013Mitigating Infection Transmission and Alcoholism in a Growing Epidemic (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HERMITAGE<\/jats:styled-content>; 2007\u20132010; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0281), Linking Infectious and Narcology Care (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LINC<\/jats:styled-content>; 2013\u20132014; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0119) and Russia Alcohol Research Collaboration on HIV\/AIDS (Russia <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARCH<\/jats:styled-content>; 2012\u20132015; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0121)] and reported recent use of heroin and other opioids.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although these studies spanned more than a decade, the participants represented similar birth cohorts; the mean age was 24.5\u00a0years in 2004 and 33.3 years in 2014. The use of opioid types, however, evolved across cohorts, with the use of any illicit drug other than heroin increasing from 6% [95% confidence interval (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>) 000.2, 29%] in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PREVENT<\/jats:styled-content> (2004\u20132005) to 30% (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 25, 36%) in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HERMITAGE<\/jats:styled-content> (2007\u20132010) to 70% (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 61, 78%) in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LINC<\/jats:styled-content> (2013\u20132014) to 77% (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 68, 84%) in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARCH<\/jats:styled-content> (2012\u20132015). Any heroin use consistently decreased over the 10\u2010year period in the cohorts, from 100% (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 80, 100%) in 2004\u20132005 to 54% (95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 44, 63%) in 2012\u20132015.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PLWH<\/jats:styled-content> who use opioids in St Petersburg, Russia, illicit use of opioids other than heroin appears to be more common than heroin use.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,30]],"date-time":"2019-04-30T22:00:28Z","timestamp":1556661628000},"page":"450-455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evolution of illicit opioid use among people with <scp>HIV<\/scp> infection in St Petersburg, Russia, in the period 2004\u20132015"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"E","family":"Blokhina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Addictions First Pavlov State Medical University St Petersburg Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EM","family":"Krupitsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Addictions First Pavlov State Medical University St Petersburg Russia"},{"name":"Department of Addictions V. 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