{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T23:50:57Z","timestamp":1773273057353,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]],"date-time":"2019-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007553","name":"Aids Fonds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007553","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010573","name":"Stichting Dioraphte","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010573","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Socio\u2010economic factors and lifestyle are known to differ across geographies and populations, which may result in distinct risk profiles for cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study assessed carotid intima\u2010media thickness (CIMT), a proxy for CVD, and its determinants in two groups of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in two different settings in South Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional analysis was conducted comparing data from the Ndlovu Cohort Study in the Limpopo Province (group 1) and from three clinical trials in Johannesburg (group 2). The association between demographics, conventional CVD risk factors, HIV\u2010related factors and CIMT in groups 1 and 2 was analysed with two separate multivariable linear regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Group 1 consisted of 826 participants (mean age 42.2\u00a0years) and mean (\u00b1\u00a0standard deviation) CIMT was 0.626\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.128\u00a0mm. In this group, sex, age, body mass index (BMI), cholesterol, glucose and antiretroviral therapy (ART) duration (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.011\u00a0mm per 5\u00a0years; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.02) were associated with higher CIMT. There were positive interactions between age and ART duration and age and cholesterol. Group 2 consisted of 382 participants (mean age 39.5\u00a0years) and mean (\u00b1\u00a0standard deviation) CIMT was 0.560\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.092\u00a0mm. In this group, only sex, education level, BMI and cholesterol were associated with higher CIMT, albeit with weaker associations than in group 1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Conventional CVD risk factors were the main drivers of CIMT. The impact of some of these risk factors appeared to increase with age. Differences in sample size, age and viral suppression might explain why an effect of ART was observed in group 1 but not in group 2.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]],"date-time":"2019-12-18T23:31:28Z","timestamp":1576711888000},"page":"386-396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cardiovascular disease risk and its determinants in people living with HIV across different settings in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"G V T","family":"Roozen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Global Health Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9551-6223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A G","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Global Health Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Ezintsha, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute Faculty of Health Sciences University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H A","family":"Tempelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ezintsha, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute Faculty of Health Sciences University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Ndlovu Care Group Groblersdal South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W D F","family":"Venter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ezintsha, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute Faculty of Health Sciences University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D E","family":"Grobbee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Global Health Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Scheuermaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Function Research Group School of Physiology Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Klipstein\u2010Grobusch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Julius Global Health Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)30113-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS).UNAIDS DATA 2018.2018. 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