{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T01:41:00Z","timestamp":1776822060649,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 TW010479\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 TW010479\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Available data from high\u2010income countries suggest that people living with HIV (PLWH) have a four\u2010fold higher risk of diabetes compared with HIV\u2010negative people. In sub\u2010Saharan Africa, with 80% of the global burden of HIV, there is a relative paucity of data on the burden and determinants of prevalent and incident dysglycaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess the prevalence and incidence of pre\u2010diabetes (pre\u2010DM) and overt diabetes mellitus (DM) among PLWH in a Ghanaian tertiary medical centre.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We first performed a cross\u2010sectional comparative analytical study involving PLWH on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0258), PLWH not on cART (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0244) and HIV\u2010negative individuals (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0242). Diabetes, pre\u2010DM and normoglycaemia were defined as haemoglobin A1C (HBA1c)\u00a0&gt;\u00a06.5%, in the range 5.7\u20136.4% and &lt;\u00a05.7% respectively. We then prospectively followed up the PLWH for 12\u00a0months to assess rates of new\u2010onset DM, and composite of new\u2010onset DM and pre\u2010DM. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors associated with dysglycaemia among PLWH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The frequencies of DM among PLWH on cART, PLWH not on cART and HIV\u2010negative individuals were 7.4%, 6.6% and 7.4% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.91), respectively, while pre\u2010DM prevalence rates were 13.2%, 27.9% and 27.3%, respectively (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). Prevalent DM was independently associated with increasing age [adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) (aOR, 95% CI) = 1.82 (1.20\u20132.77) for each 10\u2010year rise], male sex [aOR = 2.64 (1.20\u20135.80)] and log(triglyceride\/HDL cholesterol) [aOR = 8.54 (2.53\u201328.83)]. Prevalent pre\u2010DM was independently associated with being on cART [aOR (95% CI) = 0.35 (0.18\u20130.69)]. There were a total of 12 cases of incident DM over 359.25 person\u2010years, giving 33.4\/1000 person\u2010years of follow\u2010up (PYFU) (95% CI: 18.1\u201356.8\/1000), and an rate of incident pre\u2010DM of 212.7\/1000 PYFU (95 CI: 164.5\u2013270.9\/1000). The two independent factors associated with new\u2010onset DM were having pre\u2010DM at enrolment [aOR = 6.27 (1.89\u201320.81)] and being established on cART at enrolment [aOR = 12.02 (1.48\u201397.70)].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incidence rates of pre\u2010DM and overt DM among Ghanaian PLWH on cART ranks among the highest in the literature. There is an urgent need for routine screening and a multidisciplinary approach to cardiovascular disease risk reduction among PLWH to reduce morbidity and mortality from the detrimental effects of dysglycaemia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T07:10:28Z","timestamp":1605078628000},"page":"231-243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Prevalence and incidence of pre\u2010diabetes and diabetes mellitus among people living with HIV in Ghana: Evidence from the EVERLAST Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7274-5093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fred Stephen","family":"Sarfo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Kwame Nkrumah University of Science &amp; Technology Kumasi Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Kwame Nkrumah University of Science &amp; Technology Kumasi Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lambert","family":"Appiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Kwame Nkrumah University of Science &amp; Technology Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shadrack","family":"Osei Assibey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Kwame Nkrumah University of Science &amp; Technology Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raelle","family":"Tagge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern California Institute of Research and Education San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Ovbiagele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176686"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.05.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.10.1179"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2016-000304"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001709"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32832bd7af"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31819c291b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"6916497","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and pathophysiology of dysglycemia among people living with HIV in sub\u2010Saharan Africa","volume":"2018","author":"Njugana B","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013953"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1002065"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-015-0261-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40608-015-0072-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-017-6756-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2020.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2019.100189"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.12.026"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"S11","article-title":"Classification and diagnosis of diabetes","volume":"40","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"World Health Organization\u2010International Society of hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension","volume":"1999","author":"World Health Organization. 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