{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T19:43:57Z","timestamp":1789069437004,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Subv d'\u00e9quipe : initiative canadienne pour recher"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Subv d'\u00e9quipe : initiative canadienne pour recher"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Premature development of cardiovascular disease in children living with HIV\u20101 (CLWH) may be associated with compromised gut barrier function, microbial translocation, immune activation, systemic inflammation and endothelial activation. Biomarkers of these pathways may provide insights into pathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease in CLWH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was a cross\u2010sectional study of CLWH enrolled in the multicentre Early Pediatric Initiation\u2010Canadian Child Cure Cohort (EPIC\n                      <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) who were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with undetectable viral load. Plasma biomarkers of intestinal epithelial injury [intestinal fatty acid binding protein\u20101 (IFABP)], systemic inflammation [tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin\u20106 (IL\u20106)] and endothelial activation [angiopoietin\u20102 (Ang2), soluble vascular endothelial growth factor\u20101 (sVEGFR1) and soluble endoglin (sEng)] were quantified by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay. Correlation and factor analysis of biomarkers were used to examine associations between innate immune pathways.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 90 CLWH, 16% of Ang2, 15% of sVEGFR1 and 23% of sEng levels were elevated relative to healthy historic controls. Pairwise rank correlations between the three markers of endothelial activation were statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.69,\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.61 and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.65,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001 for all correlations). An endothelial activation index, derived by factor analysis of the three endothelial biomarkers, was correlated with TNF (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.47,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), IL\u20106 (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.60,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and intestinal fatty acid binding protein\u20101 (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.67,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Current or past treatment with ritonavir\u2010boosted lopinavir (LPV\/r) was associated with endothelial activation (odds ratio = 5.0, 95% CI: 1.7\u201317,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.0020).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Endothelial activation is prevalent in CLWH despite viral suppression with combination ART and is associated with intestinal epithelial injury, systemic inflammation and treatment with LPV\/r.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T10:55:52Z","timestamp":1604573752000},"page":"273-282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Endothelial activation is associated with intestinal epithelial injury, systemic inflammation and treatment regimen in children living with vertically acquired HIV\u20101 infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"B","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DG","family":"Ransy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d\u2019immunopathologie virale Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte\u2010Justine Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Brophy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Ottawa ON Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Ottawa Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Kakkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics CHU Sainte\u2010Justine Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Bitnun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Sick Children Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Samson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Sick Children Department of Pediatrics University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Soudeyns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 d\u2019immunopathologie virale Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte\u2010Justine Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology Infectiology &amp; Immunology Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Montr\u00e9al QC Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W","family":"Vaudry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Houston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"},{"name":"School of Public Health University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4122-0937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"MT","family":"Hawkes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"},{"name":"School of Public Health University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"},{"name":"Stollery Science Lab Edmonton AB Canada"},{"name":"Women and Children's Health Research Institute Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.189622"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201009-060WR"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-011-0081-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","article-title":"Premature coronary artery disease and ST\u2010elevation myocardial infarction in a 24\u2010year\u2010old man with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus: a case report. 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