{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T01:13:00Z","timestamp":1747185180612,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/jats:italic> pneumonia (PCP) is an opportunistic fungal infection with high morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV. Upper respiratory tract (URT) swabs are routinely taken for testing viral and bacterial pathogens when patients present with respiratory symptoms in our hospital. We conducted a pilot service improvement project to explore the utility of URT swabs for PCP diagnosis using in\u2010house real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten URT swab samples obtained from HIV\u2010positive patients with PCP and a positive PCP PCR (AusDiagnostics) from lower respiratory tract (LRT) samples were retrospectively identified. Nine HIV\u2010positive patients with a negative PCR for PCP from LRT samples were identified. Stored aliquots of DNA extracted from these samples were retrieved and tested by an in\u2010house real\u2010time PCR for the presence of PCP DNA. Among PCP\u2010positive cases, URT swabs collected after PCP treatment initiation were excluded from the study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In all, 10 URT samples from PCP\u2010positive patients and nine URT samples from PCP\u2010negative patients were tested for PCP by real\u2010time PCR. Eighteen out of 19 URT sample had a concordant result with the LRT samples. The sensitivity and specificity for URT sample PCR were 90% [confidence interval (CI): 55.50\u201399.75%] and 100% (CI: 66.37\u2013100%). The positive predictive value was 100% and the negative predictive value was 90.9% (CI: 60.90\u201398.47%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Upper respiratory tract swab can reliably detect PCP DNA on real\u2010time PCR among people living with HIV with PCP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T05:55:10Z","timestamp":1606197310000},"page":"321-324","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["<i>Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/i> pneumonia PCR test on upper respiratory tract swab"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6482-4119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V","family":"Sivaraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Cliff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Douthwaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King's College hospital NHS foundation trust London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Kulasegaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-8244(98)00069-8"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"British HIV Association and British Infection Association Guidelines for the Treatment of Opportunistic Infection in HIV\u2010seropositive Individuals 2011","volume":"12","author":"BHIVA","year":"2011","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.2.490-494.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.11.4337-4339.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.7.2068-2072.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.1.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01480-14"}],"container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/hiv.13014","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/hiv.13014","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/hiv.13014","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T11:00:34Z","timestamp":1693652434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/hiv.13014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/hiv.13014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hiv.13014","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1464-2662","1468-1293"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1464-2662"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1468-1293"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-08-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-09","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}