{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T15:44:54Z","timestamp":1790869494008,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG034853\u201001A2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG034853\u201001A2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG034853\u201008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG034853\u201008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01DK103574"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01DK103574"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individual kidney tubule biomarkers are associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk in people living with HIV (PLWH). Whether a combination of kidney biomarkers can be integrated into informative summary scores for PLWH is unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We measured eight urine biomarkers of kidney tubule health at two visits over a 3\u2010year period in 647 women living with HIV in the Women's Interagency Health Study. We integrated biomarkers into factor scores using exploratory factor analysis. We evaluated associations between CKD risk factors and factor scores, and used generalized estimating equations to determine associations between factor scores and risk of incident CKD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Factor analysis identified two unique factor scores: a tubule reabsorption score comprising alpha\u20101\u2010microglobulin, beta\u20102\u2010microglobulin and trefoil factor\u20103; and a tubule injury score comprising interleukin\u201018 and kidney injury molecule\u20101. We modelled the two factor scores in combination with urine epidermal growth factor (EGF) and urine albumin. Predominantly HIV\u2010related CKD risk factors were independently associated with worsening tubule reabsorption scores and tubule injury scores. During a median follow\u2010up of 7\u00a0years, 9.7% (63\/647) developed CKD. In multivariable time\u2010updated models that adjusted for other factor scores and biomarkers simultaneously, higher tubule reabsorption scores [risk ratio (RR)\u00a0=\u00a01.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01\u20131.59 per 1\u00a0SD higher time\u2010updated score], higher tubule injury scores (RR\u00a0=\u00a01.36, 95% CI: 1.05\u20131.76), lower urine EGF (RR\u00a0=\u00a00.75, 95% CI: 0.64\u20130.87), and higher urine albumin (RR\u00a0=\u00a01.20, 95% CI: 1.02\u20131.40) were jointly associated with risk of incident CKD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified two novel and distinct dimensions of kidney tubule health that appear to quantify informative metrics of CKD risk in PLWH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T03:25:34Z","timestamp":1615346734000},"page":"527-537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Kidney tubule health scores and their associations with incident CKD in women living with HIV"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3465-4208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"SB","family":"Ascher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Health Research Collaborative Department of Medicine San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System and University of California San Francisco CA USA"},{"name":"Division of Hospital Medicine University of California Davis Sacramento CA 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