{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T07:02:22Z","timestamp":1789714942261,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated the prevalence and patterns of pre\u2010treatment and acquired HIV drug resistance mutations among people living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 12 (\u00b13) months in Tianjin, China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From Jan 2018 to Dec 2020, PLWH with HIV\u20101 RNA greater than 1000 copies\/mL visiting the ART clinic in the Tianjin Second People's Hospital were enrolled. Viral RNA isolated from blood samples were taken for genotypic resistance testing using an in\u2010house method. Major drug resistance mutations were analyzed for reverse transcriptase and protease Sanger sequences using the Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database. Multivariable Poisson regressions were used to evaluate the factors associated with drug resistance mutations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>HIV drug resistance testing was successfully performed on 584 ART\u2010naive and 71 ART\u2010experienced participants. Pre\u2010treatment drug resistance mutation prevalence was 13.5% (79\/584) to any antiretroviral drug, 12.5% (73\/584) to non\u2010nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), 1.5% (9\/584) to nucleoside reverse\u2010transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and 0.3% (2\/584) to protease inhibitors (PIs). Acquired drug resistance to any antiretroviral drug among PLWH on ART with viral load &gt;1000 copies\/mL was 88.7% (63\/71). The prevalence of mutation for NNRTIs, NRTIs, and PIs were 93.7% (59\/63), 82.5% (52\/63), and 3.2% (2\/63), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pre\u2010treatment and acquired drug resistance mutations were highly prevalent among PLWH in Tianjin; therefore, routine baseline genotypic resistance testing and adequate intervals of viral load surveillance are urgently needed for the long\u2010term treatment success. Our findings provide important evidence for first\u2010 and second\u2010line regimen drugs for PLWH, especially in China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T01:39:48Z","timestamp":1647394788000},"page":"84-94","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Pre\u2010treatment and acquired antiretroviral drug resistance among people living with HIV in Tianjin, China"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Liying","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Tianjin Second People\u2019s Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Tianjin Second People\u2019s Hospital  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Association of STD\/AIDS Prevention and Control  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Nanjing Lishui People\u2019s Hospital  Nanjing Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Tianjin Second People\u2019s Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvere D.","family":"Zaongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases Chongqing Public Health Medical Center  Chongqing China"},{"name":"College of Basic Medicine Chongqing Medical University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Tianjin Second People\u2019s Hospital  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Tianjin Second People\u2019s Hospital  Tianjin China"},{"name":"Tianjin Association of STD\/AIDS Prevention and Control  Tianjin China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-019-00478-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cr.7290362"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix089"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix402"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00668-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-020-01774-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165110"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-3839-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3927-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2020.0142"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-020-01441-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"WHO.WHO\/HIVRESNET HIV Drug Resistance Laboratory Operational Framework. 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