{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:55:03Z","timestamp":1791424503261,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), children born with HIV are more likely to reach adolescence. However, frequent non\u2010adherence to ART in adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) leads to viral replication. Notably, a viraemic infection might lead to archived drug resistance mutations (ADRMs). Hence, within the context of the COVID\u201019 pandemic, we aimed to compare the patterns of ADRMs in viraemic and non\u2010viraemic vertically infected ALHIV and to assess their immunity to and diagnosis of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A comparative study was conducted among COVID\u201019\u2010unvaccinated ALHIV receiving ART in Yaound\u00e9\u2010Cameroon over the period October 2021 to March 2022. Plasma HIV\u2010RNA was measured using Abbott\u00ae <jats:italic>m2000rt<\/jats:italic>; HIV\u20101 genotyping was performed on buffy\u2010coat (HIV\u20101 DNA) and ADRMs were interpreted using HIVdb.v9.0.1. Patterns of HIV\u20101 ADRMs were compared between viraemic (\u2265\u20091.60 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>HIV\u20101 RNA\u2009copies\/ml) and non\u2010viraemic (&lt;\u20091.60 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>copies\/ml) individuals. SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antibodies were assessed on whole blood using Abbott Panbio COVID\u201019 immunoglobulin G\/M (IgG\/IgM) rapid test and COVID\u201019 polymerase chain reaction test was performed using nasopharyngeal swab samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 60 ALHIV [aged 17 (16\u201319)\u00a0years, 51.6% female], median ART duration was 14 (12\u201316) years; 31\/55 (56.3%) were exposed to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)\u2010based first\u2010line ART (of whom 19\/31 transitioned to dolutegravir\u2010based ART in 2020) and 24\/55 (43.6%) were on second\u2010line ART. Forty\u2010two out of 60 (70.0%) ALHIV were non\u2010viraemic; 43\/60 (71.6%) were successfully sequenced. Overall the ADRM rate was 62.7% (27\/43), with 69.2% (9\/13) viraemic and 60.0% (18\/30) non\u2010viraemic (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.56). NNRTI\u2010ADRMs were significantly higher among viraemic ALHIV (69.2% vs. 46.7%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.030). Regarding immunity, those with CD4\u2009nadir &lt;\u2009350\u2009cells\/\u03bcl had significantly higher rates of ADRMs [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) =\u20093.20 (1.36\u201395.53), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.03]. In relation to COVID\u201019 immunity, overall SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 IgG seropositivity was 28.3% (17\/60), whereas 0% (0\/60) were seropositive to IgM; in particular, those with CD4\u2009count nadir \u2265\u2009350\u2009cells\/\u03bcl had higher odds of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 IgG seropositivity [OR =7.85 (2.03\u201330.28), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01]. No significant association was found between SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 IgG seropositivity and HIV\u2010RNA (non\u2010viraemic, 33.3%; viraemic, 16.7%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.18). SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 RNA prevalence was 4.5% (2\/44). The two positive participants were with low\u2010levels of viral load\u00a0(Ct\u2009&gt;\u200930) and seropositive to IgG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the context of virological success, the majority of ALHIV harbour ADRMs, essentially driven by NNRTI mutations and low CD4 nadir. During the current pandemic, about one\u2010third of ALHIV were previously exposed to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. However, some children might have been exposed and uninfected and others might have been infected but showed no serological response at sampling. These findings support the use of NNRTI\u2010sparing regimens and the implementation of COVID\u201019 barrier measures targeting ALHIV during such a pandemic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13459","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T02:17:51Z","timestamp":1675131471000},"page":"691-702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of archived drug resistance mutations in <scp>HIV<\/scp>\u20101 <scp>DNA<\/scp> among vertically infected adolescents under antiretroviral treatment in Cameroon: Findings during the <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2381-4299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aude Christelle","family":"Ka'e","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal Biya International Reference Centre (CIRCB)  Yaounde Cameroon"},{"name":"PhD Courses in Microbiology, Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Transplants (MIMIT) University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1501-2763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Fokam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal Biya International Reference Centre (CIRCB)  Yaounde Cameroon"},{"name":"Faculty of Science University of Buea University of Yaounde I  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medecine and Biomedical Science University of Yaounde I  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"IAS Research Cure Academy  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"National Public Health Emergencies Operations Coordination Centre Ministry of Public Health  Yaounde Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willy Le Roi","family":"Togna Pabo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal Biya International Reference Centre (CIRCB)  Yaounde Cameroon"},{"name":"Faculty of Science University of Buea University of Yaounde I  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aubin","family":"Nanfack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal Biya International Reference Centre (CIRCB)  Yaounde Cameroon"},{"name":"IAS Research Cure Academy  Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezechiel","family":"Ngoufack Jagni Semengue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal Biya International Reference Centre (CIRCB)  Yaounde Cameroon"},{"name":"University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Evangelic University of Cameroon  Bandjoun Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yagai","family":"Bouba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal Biya International Reference Centre (CIRCB)  Yaounde Cameroon"},{"name":"National AIDS Control Committee (NACC)  Yaounde Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex Durand","family":"Nka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal Biya International Reference Centre (CIRCB)  Yaounde Cameroon"},{"name":"University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Evangelic University of Cameroon  Bandjoun Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzie","family":"Tetang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Essos Health Centre  Yaounde Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Beloumou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal Biya International Reference Centre (CIRCB)  Yaounde Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desire","family":"Takou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal Biya International Reference Centre (CIRCB)  Yaounde Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6749-1436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Collins","family":"Chenwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal Biya International Reference Centre (CIRCB)  Yaounde Cameroon"},{"name":"PhD Courses in Microbiology, Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Transplants (MIMIT) University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel Carlos","family":"Tommo Tchouaket","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal Biya International Reference Centre (CIRCB)  Yaounde Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aissatou","family":"Abba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal Biya International Reference Centre (CIRCB)  Yaounde Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Djupsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal Biya International Reference Centre (CIRCB)  Yaounde Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel Martin","family":"Sosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal Biya International Reference Centre (CIRCB)  Yaounde Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nounouce Bouba","family":"Pamen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease, Epidemic and Pandemic Conrol Ministry of Public Health  Yaounde Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9946-7951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John O.","family":"Otshudiema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organisation Afro, Country Office  Yaounde Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Yap","family":"Boum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medecine and Biomedical Science University of Yaounde I  Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"National Public Health Emergencies Operations Coordination Centre Ministry of Public Health  Yaounde Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Colizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Ndjolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chantal Biya International Reference Centre (CIRCB)  Yaounde Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo\u2010Federico","family":"Perno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bambino Gesu Pediatric Hospital  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Ceccherini\u2010Silberstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6228-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria M.","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"UNAIDS.Global HIV Statistics.Fact Sheet 20212021;1\u20133."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"HIV and AIDS in Adolescents \u2010 UNICEF Data. Unicef. 2019.https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/adolescents\/hiv-aids\/. Accessed July 15th 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"Key HIV Epidemiology Indicators for Children and Adolescents Aged 0\u201319 2000\u20132021.https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/resources\/dataset\/hiv-aids-statistical-tables\/. Accessed July 15th 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00183-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0800971"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2017.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.204"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/320728"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350801302S03"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"Panel on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of Children Living with HIV. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection.http:\/\/aidsinfo.nih.gov\/content-files\/lvguidelines\/pediatricguidelines.pdf. Accessed July 30th 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004096"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/590160"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190332"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000304"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks533"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Archiving of mutations in HIV\u20101 cellular reservoirs among vertically infected adolescents is contingent with clinical stages and plasma viral load: evidence from the EDCTP\u2010READY study","volume":"23","author":"Fokam J","year":"2021","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2010.525609"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","unstructured":"BertagnolioS ThwinSS SilvaR et al.Clinical features and prognostic factors of COVID\u201019 in people living with HIV hospitalized with suspected or confirmed SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection. Paper presented at: 11th IAS Conference on HIV Science 2021; 18\u201021 July 2021. Berlin Germany. abstract PEBLB20."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29333\/ejgm\/7850"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2134"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000659"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37069"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.10.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1599-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225352"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/jphia.2022.2163"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/jphia.2022.2142"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","volume-title":"Updated Recommendations on First\u2010Line and Second\u2010Line Antiretroviral Regimens and Post\u2010Exposure Prophylaxis and Recommendations on Early Infant Diagnosis of HIV","author":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30710-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2015-0725"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30317-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002270"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002583"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003397"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-7-3-69"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2017.0025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adherence as a predictor of the development of class\u2010specific resistance mutations: the swiss HIV cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Wyl V","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00052\u201022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2018.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2010.0333"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-185"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259582221077943"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2020.080"}],"container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/hiv.13459","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/hiv.13459","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/hiv.13459","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T13:18:16Z","timestamp":1692537496000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/hiv.13459"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/hiv.13459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hiv.13459","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1464-2662","1468-1293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1464-2662","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-1293","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-10-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-01-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}