{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:37:31Z","timestamp":1768005451631,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,7]],"date-time":"2024-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate mutations associated with, the causes of, and the conditions that contribute to HIV drug resistance (DR). This research provides crucial insights into the mechanisms through which HIV evades antiretroviral drugs and suggests strategies to counter this phenomenon. Our objective was to assess the prevalence and structure of DR in HIV\u20101 across various regions in Russia and identify the primary factors influencing the development of HIV DR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study used nucleotide sequences from the HIV\u20101 <jats:italic>pol<\/jats:italic> gene obtained from 1369 patients with a history of therapy and virological failure between 2005 and 2019 to analyze the frequency and structure of DR and the factors associated with it.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The analysed HIV\u20101 genotypes included viruses resistant to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs; 11.8%), non\u2010nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs; 6.4%), and NRTIs + NNRTIs (31.7%). The mutations M184V\/I and G190A\/S\/E were the most prevalent, accounting for 54.5% and 26.6%, respectively. The dominance of multiple DR persisted throughout the entire observation period. The likelihood of encountering drug\u2010resistant variants was increased among men, patients in the late stage of infection, and those with a viral load &lt;30\u2009000 RNA copies\/mL. Injection drug use was not associated with DR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study has yielded new insights into HIV DR in Russia, offering valuable information to identify clinical or programmatic events warranting closer attention and support.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T02:13:06Z","timestamp":1712542386000},"page":"862-872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence of <scp>HIV<\/scp> drug resistance at antiretroviral treatment failure across regions of Russia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3110-0843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Ozhmegova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksey","family":"Lebedev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasiia","family":"Antonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5299-3081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kuznetsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Kazennova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Tumanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology Named after Honorary Academician N. F. Gamaleya  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Bobkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera  Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Federal Russian AIDS Center.Information about HIV infection in Russia 2021. Accessed November 2 2023http:\/\/www.hivrussia.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Spravka-VICH-v-Rossii-na-31.12.2021-g.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199808063390612"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30436-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30234-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"Federal Russian AIDS Center.HIV infection in the Russian Federation as of December 31 2020. 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