{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T14:12:21Z","timestamp":1784297541284,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diagnosis of acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) are the cornerstones in HIV elimination. Fourth\u2010 and fifth\u2010generation HIV enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) can detect patients with acute infection. However, HIV false\u2010positive results can occur, requiring confirmatory nucleic acid amplification testing, which is expensive and may not be available.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review highlights reports on various infections and vaccines causing false\u2010positive reactivity in fourth\u2010generation HIV immunoassays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the improvements in tests of HIV immunoassays, false\u2010positive results may occur, which require continuous updates in testing algorithms to be used appropriately with newer assays. Many factors can result in false\u2010positive HIV serological assays, such as COVID\u201019, several viral, bacterial or parasitic infections, and vaccines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Physicians should be aware of the causes of false\u2010positive HIV reactions and include them in the clinical assessment of suspected cases and consider confirmatory testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.70069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:42:52Z","timestamp":1751416972000},"page":"1485-1492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["False\u2010positive reactivity of fourth\u2010generation\n                    <scp>HIV<\/scp>\n                    enzyme immunoassay caused by\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 and other infections"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0627-3985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haidi Karam\u2010Allah","family":"Ramadan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University  Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Elhussiny","family":"Salah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University  Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeinab R.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University  Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abanoub","family":"Ayoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University  Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdel\u2010Rahman","family":"AboDief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University  Assiut Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma H.","family":"Badry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine Assiut University  Assiut 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