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PLWH with immune non\u2010response (INR) are at a higher risk of both AIDS and non\u2010AIDS events. The underlying mechanisms of INR remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review aims to explore the potential mechanisms of INR, focusing on the production, maturation and early destruction of CD4 cells. Additional factors such as age, proinflammatory environment or persistent viral infections like HIV or CMV may also contribute to INR. Biomarkers, such as microRNA, IL\u20106, soluble CD14 and soluble GP120, may help better characterize INR in PLWH. Despite various therapeutic attempts \u2010 including ART intensification and IL\u20102 or IL\u20107 administration \u2010 no strategy has yet succeeded in restoring effective CD4 T\u2010cell recovery in INR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A lack of consensus on the definition and classification of INR limits research comparability and therapeutic progress. A standardized framework would facilitate mechanistic insights and guide the development of targeted treatments, including IL\u20107 therapy. In this review, we examine the putative mechanisms underlying INR in PLWH, prognostic markers and the therapeutic strategies that have been evaluated, albeit with limited success.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.70197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T03:15:47Z","timestamp":1770261347000},"page":"498-512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Immune non\u2010response despite effective antiretroviral therapy in people living with\n                    <scp>HIV<\/scp>\n                    : A review of potential mechanisms, biomarkers and therapeutic approaches"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3151-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Silvestre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRIM, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier &amp; CNRS  Montpellier 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