{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:03:31Z","timestamp":1784300611320,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To measure disability and frailty and assess measurement properties of the HIV Disability Questionnaire (HDQ) in outer regional Australian people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional, validity and reliability study included community\u2010dwelling outer regional Australian adults with HIV. Participants completed the self\u2010reported World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS; scored 0\u2013100), 5\u2010Question Frail Scale (scored 0\u20135) and HDQ (scored 0\u2013100). Median scores (Q1, Q3) for disability (WHODAS) and frailty (Frail Scale) were reported. HDQ validity was tested based on 16 a priori hypothesized relationships between WHODAS, Frail Scale and HDQ scores (threshold \u226575% confirmed), and HDQ internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha (acceptability threshold\u2009\u2265\u20090.70). Seven days after the initial completion, the HDQ was re\u2010administered for test\u2013retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, acceptability threshold\u2009\u2265\u20090.75).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty participants were recruited, with a median age 55. Eighty\u2010eight percent were male, and 38 participants completed the second HDQ. The median (Q1, Q3) scores were: WHODAS 9 (3,17), with domain scores ranging from 0 to 56. Pre\u2010frailty (score 1\u20132) and Frailty (score 3\u20135) were present in 27% and 13% of participants, respectively. The HDQ demonstrated construct validity (81% hypotheses confirmed), internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha\u2009\u2265\u20090.79), except in the Episodic scale\u2010Social inclusion domain (alpha\u2009=\u20090.34), and good test\u2013retest reliability for all Presence and Severity domains (ICC range: 0.77\u20130.94).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Disability, frailty and pre\u2010frailty exist in this sample of outer regional Australians living with HIV. The HDQ showed acceptable construct validity, internal consistency and test\u2013retest reliability to measure disability in this population. Clinical trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12623000090617).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.70212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T03:19:22Z","timestamp":1773026362000},"page":"907-917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Disability and frailty in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in regional Australia: A cross\u2010sectional study with a measurement property assessment of the\n                    <scp>HIV<\/scp>\n                    Disability Questionnaire"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0135-3425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol Ann","family":"Flavell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Healthcare Sciences James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Margaret Roderick Centre for Mental Health Research James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8209-2786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Crowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Healthcare Sciences James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penny","family":"Kenchington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Townsville Sexual Health Services, Queensland Health  Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4556-9159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Healthcare Sciences James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2546-2581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Healthcare Sciences James Cook University  Townsville Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1632-6537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly K.","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Temerty Faculty of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Rehabilitation Sciences Institute University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(23)00028-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67022-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(23)00027-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00400-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081355"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107381"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.outlook.2009.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"The Episodic Disabilities Network.Episodic disability toolkit of resources 2015: Canada. 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