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Regression models examined associations of baseline and week\u201096 biomarker concentrations with HIV clinical parameters, composite cognitive test scores (Standardized neuropsychological test [NPZ], 7\u2010domains) and treatment arm.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In 238 individuals, median age was 38 (interquartile range [IQR] 31, 46) years, 87% male and 83% of white ethnicity. Baseline median log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      HIV RNA 4.73 (IQR 4.23, 5.11) copies\/mL and CD4 350 (IQR 285, 412) cells\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      . At baseline, higher biomarker concentrations were associated with lower CD4 (NfL, GFAP, CXCL10;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.03), higher log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      HIV RNA (sCD14, neopterin, CXCL10;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.02) and longer known duration of HIV (sCD14;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.044). At week\u201096, 94% had plasma HIV &lt;50\u2009copies\/mL, and a decline in biomarker concentrations was observed: GFAP \u221214.4%, sCD14 \u22126.8%, neopterin \u221247.4%, CXCL10 \u221258.8%, IL\u20106 \u221229.5% (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and NfL \u22124.4% (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.075). NPZ improved by 0.21 mean points. Change in GFAP, CXCL10, sCD14, neopterin and NfL was negatively associated with change in CD4 (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.002) but not change in NPZ (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). A greater decline in neopterin concentration was observed with dual\u2010 (\u221250.2%) versus triple\u2010ART (\u221244.3%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.022).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plasma biomarkers of brain health improved following ART initiation, associated predominantly with improvements in CD4 count and partly with treatment arm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.70236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T03:05:32Z","timestamp":1776395132000},"page":"1132-1143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal changes in plasma biomarkers of immune activation, neuronal inflammation and injury in persons with\n                    <scp>HIV<\/scp>\n                    initiating\n                    <scp>ART<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3326-9674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merle","family":"Henderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London  London UK"},{"name":"NIHR Imperial College London Biomedical Research Centre  London UK"},{"name":"Jefferiss Wing, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Dutey\u2010Magni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Clinical Trials Unit University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONRAD, Macon &amp; Joan Brock Virginia Health Sciences at Old Dominion University  Norfolk Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"St\u00f6hr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Clinical Trials Unit University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Arenas\u2010Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Clinical Trials Unit University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Swann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Disease UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Heslegrave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London  London 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