{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T21:37:53Z","timestamp":1792618673988,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Complicated consent procedures for bloodborne virus (HIV, HBV and HCV) testing present barriers to implementation, particularly in non\u2010specialist healthcare settings. European and global guidelines no longer recommend written consent. An overview of testing consent requirements in Europe is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An online survey on legal and policy frameworks and implementation\/practice was developed by a working group under the EuroTEST Initiative and disseminated to clinical and community\u2010based testing facilities and national public health institutions and\/or HIV\/hepatitis organizations\/societies in the countries of the WHO European Region. Data collection and validation occurred between October 2023 and April 2024. Responses were validated via email and\/or bilateral discussions if diverging across same\u2010country respondents to obtain one answer per country.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 84 responses from 36 community\u2010based testing sites, 33 healthcare facilities and 15 public health institutes in 34 countries were included. Written or documented verbal consent remained a policy requirement for HIV testing in 12 countries (4\/18 western, 6\/11 central, 2\/5 eastern). For viral hepatitis, opt\u2010out testing was much more common and written\/documented verbal consent a policy requirement in five countries only. Practices for how consent is obtained in reality varied by setting and did not always follow legal\/policy requirements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Written\/documented consent remains a requirement for HIV testing in more than a third of responding countries. Removing the need for written\/documented verbal consent and expanding opt\u2010out testing will reduce testing barriers, reduce HIV exceptionalism, align national requirements with global standards and support European countries in reaching the first UNAIDS 95\u201395\u201395 target of 95% of those infected, diagnosed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.70248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:02:04Z","timestamp":1777442524000},"page":"1253-1264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An overview of consent requirements for\n                    <scp>HIV<\/scp>\n                    and viral hepatitis B and C testing in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9576-7487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annemarie Rinder","family":"Stengaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rigshospitalet, Centre of Excellence in Health, Immunity and Infections (CHIP)  Copenhagen \u00d8 Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann K.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of HIV and Sexual Health, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Ativistas em Tratamentos (GAT)  Lisbon Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Diderichsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rigshospitalet, Centre of Excellence in Health, Immunity and Infections (CHIP)  Copenhagen \u00d8 Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorthe","family":"Raben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rigshospitalet, Centre of Excellence in Health, Immunity and Infections (CHIP)  Copenhagen \u00d8 Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2858-3888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00fcrgen K.","family":"Rockstroh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Outpatient Clinic, University of Bonn  Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the EuroTEST Steering Committee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199105233242111"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health\u2010care settings","volume":"55","author":"Branson BM","year":"2006","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002591"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp068153"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","volume-title":"Guidance on provider\u2010initiated HIV testing and counselling","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/03616878-2009-002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","volume-title":"HIV\/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2015","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control\/WHO Regional Office for Europe","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/13814788.2012.685069"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1506816"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for the prevention, care and treatment of persons diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B infection","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for the care and treatment of persons diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C infection","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00276-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.303819"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","volume-title":"Public Health Guidance on HIV, hepatitis B and C testing in the EU\/EEA \u2010 An integrated approach","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","volume-title":"Progress report on the continuum of HIV care, 2025 (2024 data)","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","volume-title":"HIV\/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2025\u20132024 data","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control\/WHO Regional Office for Europe","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","volume-title":"Polaris Dashboard","author":"The CDA Foundation","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/B09080"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","unstructured":"EuroTEST.Copenhagen: EuroTEST. Accessed June 7 2025.https:\/\/eurotest.org\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021","volume":"70","author":"Kimberly A","year":"2021","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29550"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","volume-title":"HIV stigma in the healthcare setting","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","volume-title":"Progress towards reaching the Sustainable Development Goals related to HIV in the European Union and European Economic Area","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/14782715241247087"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.212993"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","volume-title":"HIV and adolescents: guidance for HIV testing and counselling and care for adolescents living with HIV","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.10777"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","volume-title":"Monitoring implementation of the Dublin Declaration","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","volume-title":"Progress towards reaching the Sustainable Development Goal 3.3 targets related to HIV, tuberculosis, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections in the EU\/EEA","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","volume-title":"Emergency department opt out testing for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C: The first 100\u2009days","author":"NHS England","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","volume-title":"Public health evaluation of BBV opt\u2010out testing in EDs in England: 24\u2010month interim report","author":"UK Health Security Agency","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23602-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13431"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.70048"}],"container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/hiv.70248","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/hiv.70248","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/hiv.70248","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:41:37Z","timestamp":1792615297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/hiv.70248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/hiv.70248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hiv.70248","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1464-2662","1468-1293"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1464-2662","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-1293","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}