{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T04:45:14Z","timestamp":1791780314441,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["33FI\u20100_229621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33FI\u20100_229621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010474","name":"Swiss HIV Cohort Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["902"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010474","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HIV Medicine"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic elevation of alanine aminotransferase (cALT) is common in people with HIV. Published reports on cALT prevalence time trends have not been uniform. It is unknown whether genetic background is associated with cALT in people with HIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>cALT was defined as ALT levels (male, &gt;50\u2009U\/L, female, &gt;35\u2009U\/L) at \u22652 consecutive, 6\u2010monthly per protocol Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS) visits. We calculated cALT prevalence plus trends in time\u2010updated clinical and HIV\u2010related cALT risk factors per calendar year in SHCS participants without viral hepatitis co\u2010infection. In cALT cases and matched controls, we obtained uni\u2010 and multivariable odds ratios (ORs) for cALT, adjusting additionally for a polygenic risk score (PGS) associated with transaminase levels in the general population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Between 2002 and 2023, 8\u2032909 SHCS participants contributed 203\u2032832 ALT values obtained per protocol, and 8\u2032414 cALT events occurred. The yearly cALT prevalence increased significantly (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) from 7.5% (95% confidence interval, 6.3%\u20138.9%) in 2002 to the highest level of 10.1% (9.1%\u201311.1%) in 2005, followed by a significant (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) decline to 5.3% (4.8%\u20135.9%) in 2018, with stable rates thereafter (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.280). An increased multivariable cALT\u2010OR was noted for obesity (OR\u2009=\u20092.84; 1.99\u20134.07), for 6\u201312\u2010month exposure to non\u2010nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (OR\u2009=\u20092.09; 1.09\u20134.03) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (OR\u2009=\u20091.99; 1.15\u20133.46). Participants with unfavourable genetic background (top vs. bottom quintile of PGS) had a multivariable\u2010adjusted cALT\u2010OR of 4.44 (3.09\u20136.39).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>cALT prevalence has decreased by almost half in people with HIV in Switzerland since 2005. Unfavourable genetic background is a strong independent risk factor for cALT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.70322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T03:55:20Z","timestamp":1791777320000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chronic alanine aminotransferase elevation in people with\n                    <scp>HIV<\/scp>\n                    : Time trends over 22\u2009years and genetic predisposition"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6911-4397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noemi R.","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Service and University Center for Internal Medicine Kantonsspital Baselland, University of Basel  Bruderholz Switzerland"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases University Hospital Basel  Basel 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