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Our study evaluates the efficacy of three detection methods (auditory, visual and automated using BirdNET) for 43 European bird species (31 diurnal, 12 nocturnal), analysing the impact of various factors on detection probability over different distances. We conducted transmission experiments in two forest types from March to June, examining the effect of call characteristics, weather conditions and habitat features, to assess their impact on detection probability at different distances. Our findings reveal that species detection distance varies with each detection method, with listening to recordings obtaining the highest detectability, followed by the visual method. Although BirdNET is less accurate, it still proves useful for detection, especially for loud species. Large diurnal and small nocturnal species were most detected. Our study emphasizes the importance of considering detection methods to maximize species detectability for effective PAM research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/ibi.13405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T02:34:44Z","timestamp":1742178884000},"page":"789-802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Methods of acoustic data processing affect species detectability in passive acoustic monitoring of multi\u2010species playback"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"167","author":[{"given":"Dominika","family":"Winiarska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Ecology Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University  Pozna\u0144 Poland"},{"name":"Division of Biodiversity and Behavioural Ecology, Faculty of Biology University of Bialystok  Bia\u0142ystok Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Szyma\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Ecology Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University  Pozna\u0144 Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomasz S.","family":"Osiejuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Ecology Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University  Pozna\u0144 Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"Bank Danych o Lasach.2023.https:\/\/www.bdl.lasy.gov.pl\/portal\/[Accessed 23 March 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2009.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-023-01667-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","unstructured":"Bayne E. 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